CA149R08.3

CA149R08.3

Without referring to chapter 8, fill in each of the following blanks with the correct term from the chapter. The correct answers are provided at the back of the book. Carefully review the material related to your incorrect answers.

不參考第八章，將下列每一個空白處從章節中填入正確的術語，正確答案提供於本書後面，仔細地回顧材料與您的不正確答案有關。

CA149R01

1. Retinal ganglion cells carry signals out of the eye to the lateral geniculate nuclei.

視網膜神經節細胞運載信號在眼睛外面對側向膝狀的神經核。

【補充】

相關網站

神經節( Ganglion ) http://hist.class.kmu.edu.tw/Basic/Nerve/PNS/ANS/intro.htm

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion_cell

Fortunecity http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/tree/219/vision2.html

webvision.med.utah.edu/Wong.html

Answers.com http://www.answers.com/topic/receptive-field?cat=health

線上英漢字典 http://cdict.giga.net.tw/q/geniculate

Morphogenesis of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus www.ks.uiuc.edu/.../Neural/morphogenesis.html

相關圖片http://gsbs.uth.tmc.edu/images/klein_diagram.jpg (來源：William H. Klein, Ph.D. http://gsbs.uth.tmc.edu/tutorial/klein_w.html)

相關影片 patch clamp - isolated retina - Miller Lab http://hk.youtube.com/watch?v=e7rdGKfiU0I

CA149R02

2. The auditory nerve leaves the cochlea as part of the 8^th cranial nerve and terminates in the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei.

從耳蝸出來的聽覺神經為第8對頭顱神經且終止於同側的耳蝸神經核。

【補充】

相關網站：

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory_nerve

Auditory Nerve Definition http://www.nchearingloss.org/audnerve.htm

聽覺途徑及聽覺中樞http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/hearing/Auditry%20pathways.htm

相關影片：

How the Body Works : The Auditory Pathways http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=cfAyPbFYGJw

The Ear: the Organ of Hearing http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=7a2aoZeZhZ8&feature=related

Science of Sound http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=_ovMh2A3P5k&feature=related

How the Body Works : The Organ of Corti http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=8wgfowbbTz0&feature=related

How Ear Works http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=skXQ6PuIc4s&feature=related

How the Body Works : The Cochlea http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=ei_vRzp8IN0&feature=related

CA149R03

3. Axon from the medial hemiretinas decussate in the optic chiasm; axons from the lateral hemiretinas do not.

軸突從中間上半眼角膜十字形交叉在視神經交叉，而軸突從側邊的上半眼角膜則無。

【補充】

相關網站：

Optic Canal, Optic Chiasm http://www.medrounds.org/ocular-pathology-study-guide/2005/11/optic-canal-optic-chiasm.html

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_chiasm

Optic Chiasm http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec20/ch235/ch235a.html

視覺交響曲第二樂章: LGN http://mmdays.com/2007/06/22/visual_pathway/

視覺-今日心理 http://www.zgxl.net/cptoday/nous/shijue.htm

相關圖片：

instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/vistopo.gif

http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-optic.jpg

http://www.cptc.ctc.edu/library/Bio%20118%20Lecture%20Notes%20Rev%200105_files/image123.jpg

http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_09/i_09_cl/i_09_cl_dev/i_09_cl_dev_2a.jpg

相關影片：

How the Body Works : The Visual Mechanism http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=WK2k_-f8R48

CA149R04

4. Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe.

主要體覺皮質區位於各頂葉的中央後回。

【補充】

Primary somatosensory cortex：主要體覺皮質區 (腦負責告知痛覺的部位和強度區域)

相關網站

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_lobe http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Somatosensory_cortex_ja.png

小小神經科學：腦葉http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/lobe_c.htm

手肌反射http://www.tscn.org.tw/%E6%89%8B%E8%82%8C%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84

小小神經科學：腦的容量http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/brainsize_c.html

相關圖片：

Primary somatosensory cortex http://www.scottsdalecc.edu/ricker/psy101/readings/Section_2/images/somatosensory.jpg

www.nyas.org/.../images/smith_11_brain.jpg

www.dwp.gov.uk/.../images/brain.gif (來源：www.dwp.gov.uk/.../obd/specific_nps_obd.asp)

Postcentral gyrus http://defiant.ssc.uwo.ca/Jody_web/fMRI4Dummies/brains/corticalsulci/central_sulci_saggitalview.jpg

相關影片：

Parietal Lobe http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=C5wP8xly2Hc

Calcium currents in the somatosensory cortex of the mouse http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=W9bn_XYDbUo

CA149R05

5. As the result of the pattern of decussation in the visual pathways, information about any object that we see to the left of our center of gaze is conducted from the left eye to the right hemisphere and from the right eye to the left hemisphere.

由於視覺路徑交叉的模式，在我們的注視左邊的中心看到的任一個物體的資訊被引導從左眼到右半球，右眼到左半球。

【補充】

相關網站：

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_pathway

心理學實驗室 http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~psychology/know/data/exp/01.htm

視覺資訊系統 http://203.68.20.65/science/content/1988/00030219/0007.htm

大腦視覺傳導路徑與治療活動的關係 http://ftp.hnl.com.tw/findingmsko/news0410.html

動物的視覺神經生理探討 http://203.68.20.65/science/content/1978/00090105/0014.htm

生物時鐘電活性節律的機轉 http://163.25.114.16/rong-chi/research.htm

相關圖片：

http://doctor.fh21.com.cn/wenxian/tzyx/images/20060510/4891983.gif

http://www.tzeye.com/new/photograph/ms_picture/a1039.jpg

http://bunseiri.hp.infoseek.co.jp/images/eyeden.jpg

http://www.jiko110.com/contents/gaisyou/toubugaisho/img/c_byo_h_35.gif

相關影片：

How the Body Works : The Visual Mechanism http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=WK2k_-f8R48

CA149R06

6. Information about touch and proprioception ascends the spinal cord ipsilaterally in the dorsolateral spinal cord.

在背面側方的脊髓上關於觸覺和本體感覺的資訊可上溯到同一側的脊髓。

【補充】

相關網站：

本體感覺 proprioception：動物對於與本身位置、姿勢、平衡或內部狀態有關的刺激的感覺。

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

Proprioception http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/proprioception/index.html

本體感覺_百度百科http://baike.baidu.com/view/247056.htm

本體感覺運動理論http://www.taiwanpt.net/ptdc2.asp?mrn=1634

神經系統傳導通路http://des.cmu.edu.cn/jiaoxue/kecheng/jiepo/xitong/shenjing/zhongshu/chuandao/senying1.htm

相關圖片：

http://www.jssm.org/vol4/n4/26/f1.gif

http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/Images/17F.jpg

http://neurobranches.chez-alice.fr/images/imagessn/imagesens/vpropriocons.jpg

相關影片：

Proprioception http://tw.youtube.com/results?search_query=proprioception&search_type=

Spinal cord http://tw.youtube.com/results?search_query=spinal+cord&search_type=

CA149R07

7. The two general regions of secondary visual cortex in each hemisphere are the prestriate cortex and the inforotemporal cortex.

在各半球的次級視覺皮質的2個一般區域是後頂葉皮質和前顳葉皮質。

【補充】

相關網站：

Wikipedia http://www.wiki.cn/wiki/Akinetopsia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_cortex

http://www.xinli525.cn/bbs1/archiver/?tid-64.html

Optomotor System - an overview www.optomotorik.de/blicken/intro.htm

http://webvision.med.utah.edu/Color.html

相關圖片：

http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-prefrontal.jpg

CA149R08

8. The optic nerves become known as the optic tracts once they have passed the optic chiasm and entered the brain.

視神經又稱為視神經徑，一旦他們通過視神經交叉便進入大腦。

【補充】

optic nerves 視神經：腦神經II，由眼睛的視交叉中一捆神經節細胞接受器組成。

optic tracts：視神經徑，(由視神經交叉，繞至大腦腳分成內外側兩支，分別終止於外膝狀體及上丘superior colliculus)。

optic chiasm 視交叉：是視覺途徑中的一個構造，有些是神經纖維在此會交叉。

相關網站：

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_nerves http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_tracts http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_chiasm

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F

Central Visual Pathways http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/vispath.html

THE EYE http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_02/d_02_cr/d_02_cr_vis/d_02_cr_vis.html

相關圖片：

http://www.artem-medicalis.com/conceptual.htm

http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/cor5.gif

http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/vistopo.gif

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9708.jpg

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f19-12b_anatomy_of_the__c.jpg

相關影片：

Cranial nerves http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=dHJFSSPziL0

CA149R09

9. The superior olivary nuclei receive signals from the cochlear nuclei and conduct them via the lateral lemnisci to the inferior colliculi .

上橄欖核接收從耳蝸神經核的訊號並引導他們經由丘系外核(外側丘系核)到下丘。

【補充】

相關網站：

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_colliculi http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivary_body http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochlear_nuclei http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_lemniscus

http://www.wiki.cn/wiki/Inferior_colliculus

Nervous system http://nervous-systems.com/brain_medu.html

ANATOMY OF VISION http://www.indiana.edu/~pietsch/v414optic08.html

大腦 (Brain) http://life.nthu.edu.tw/%7Eg864264/Neuroscience/neuron/brain.htm

The Brain http://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodynervousadvanced/819/5

相關圖片：

http://www.ehponline.org/members/2003/111-12/prodchart.jpg

http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-midbrain.jpg

http://bunseiri.hp.infoseek.co.jp/images/midbrain.gif

http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-hindbrain2b.jpg

http://www.unifr.ch/biochem/dreyer/images/tegmentum.jpg

相關影片：

olivary body http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=N37Xh53aMkw

CA149R10

10. The thalamic relay nuclei of the auditory system are the medial geniculate nuclei.

聽覺系統的丘腦中繼核是內側膝狀體核。

【補充】

相關網站：

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_geniculate_nucleus http://www.wiki.cn/wiki/Inferior_colliculus

http://basic.shsmu.edu.cn/passw/anatomy_new/wskt/Cerebellum.swf

medial geniculate nuclei http://www.answers.com/topic/medial-geniculate-body?cat=health

相關圖片：

http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v2/n4/images/nrn0401_251a_i1.gif

http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/nervous/brain_lobes_sm.jpg

撰寫人： 柔儀

CA149R11

Primary auditory cortex is located in the superior region of each temporal lobe.

主要聽覺外皮位於各世俗耳垂的優越區域。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex

CA149R12

Much of the primary auditory cortex is in Heschl’s gyri,which are located in the lateral fissure.

許多主要聽覺外皮是在Heschl 的gyri 裡, 設置側向裂痕。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex

CA149R13

The primary visual cortex constitutes much of the occipital lobe.

主要視覺外皮構成許多occipital 耳垂。

http://eyelab.webedu.ccu.edu.tw/eyeweb/mw05/articles/DF_Brain_paper.pdf

CA149R14

The dorsal column nuclei are located in the medulla.

背部專欄中堅力量設置骨髓。

http://www.cps.org.tw/docs/48(2)%2065-71,%202005.pdf

CA149R15

The PAG is located in the midbrain around the cerebral aqueduct.

PAG 位於midbrain 在大腦渡槽附近。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag

CA149R16

Tactual and proprioceptive information from the face reaches the brain via the three branches of the trigeminal nerve ,the fifth cranial nerve.

觸覺和本體感受的資訊從面孔到達腦子通過trigeminal 神經, 第五根頭蓋骨神經的三個分支

http://home.wit.no/skarpreklame/Kunder/Bedrifter/Theodor/Letters/A/

CA149R17

Primary visual cortex is organized retinotopically;primary auditory cortex is organized tonotopically ;and primary somatosensory cortex is organized somatotopically.

主要視覺外皮是組織的retinotopically;primary 聽覺外皮是主要somatosensory 外皮somatotopically 被組織tonotopically 的組織的;and 。

http://bette.aecom.yu.edu/1neuroanatomy/eg_jones.pdf

CA149R18

The topographic map in primary somatosensory cortex is often referred to as the somatosensory homunculus.

地形學地圖在主要somatosensory 外皮經常指somatosensory homunculus

http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/121/12/2271.pdf

CA149R19

Secondary visual ,auditory,and somatosensory cortexes all project to posterior parietal association cortex.

次要視覺, 聽覺, 和somatosensory 外皮所有項目對後部頭頂骨協會外皮。

http://www.answers.com/topic/cerebral-cortex?cat=health

CA149R20

Endorphins excite neurons in the periqueductal gray.

Endorphins 激發神經元在periqueductal 灰色。

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/anphys/1999/Self/Endorphins.htm

CA149R21

The raphe nuclei are serotonergic nuclei of the midbrain reticular formation.

raphe 中堅力量是midbrain 網狀結締組織的形成的serotonergic 中堅力量。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphe_nucleus

CA068R04.4

CA068R04.4

Below in alphabetical order is a list of all the terms and definitions that you encountered in Chapter 4. Cover the definitions with a sheet of paper, and then work your way down the list of terms, defining them to yourself as you go. Once you have gone through the list twice without an error, cover the terms and work your way down the list of definitions, providing the correct terms as you go. Repeat this process until you have worked through the list twice without an error.

以下照字母順序排列和定義的名詞都是在第四章看過的。將以下的定義用ㄧ張紙遮起來，然後開始盡自己所能將它們的定義一一寫下來。ㄧ旦你連續寫了兩次後沒有任何的錯誤，蓋起名詞項目，看定義寫出正確的名詞。重複這樣的步驟直到連續兩次都沒有出現錯誤。

CA068R01

Aggregation

聚集

The stage of neural development during which developing neurons align themselves to form the specific structures of the brain.

這個階段在神經發展的期間是發展神經元排列形成腦中特殊的構造。

相關網站：

維基-神經元(中文)

http://www.life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864264/Neuroscience/neuron/cell.htm

CA068R02

Blueprint theory

藍圖理論

The theory that axons grow to their correct targets because they are programmed to follow specific trails through the developing nervous system.

這個理論是指軸索會發展成他們正確的目標是因為在發展中的神經系統裡他們會遵循預先設定的特定痕跡發展。

相關網站：

維基-軸突(英文)

維基-軸突(中文)

撰寫人：2023嘉芸

CA068R03

Chemoaffinity theory

Chemoaffinity 理論

The theory that axons grow to their correct targets because they are programmed to follow to their source specific chemical signals released by their target cells.

一種理論說明軸突往他們的正確目標生長因為他們被編程為跟隨他們的來源，是由目標細胞發布的一種特殊信號。

Division of Molecular Neurobiology

CA068R04

Diencephalon

間腦

The posterior division of the forebrain; the area of the brain between the telencephalon and the mesencephalon.

前腦的後部區分;腦的區域在端腦和中腦之間。

Diencephalon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CA068R05

Forebrain

前腦

The most anterior of the three swellings that appear at the anterior end of the developing vertebrate neural tube; the prosencephalon.

三個膨脹處的最先前部分，出現在發展中的脊椎動物的神經系統的管的先前末端；即前腦。

Basal forebrain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CA068R06

Growth cone

生長錐

The ameba-like structure at the growing tip of each axon and dendrite; growth cones direct the growth of axons and dendrites to appropriate targets.

像變形蟲的結構在各軸突和樹突的生長頂端; 成長錐體指揮軸突和樹突的成長為適當的目標。

Neurophilosophy : The growth cone

CA068R07

Hindbrain

後腦

The most posterior of the three swellings that appear at the anterior end of the developing vertebrate neural tube; the rhombencephalon.

三個膨脹處的最後端部分，出現在發展中的脊椎動物的神經系統的管的先前末端；即後腦。

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CA068R08

Hippocampi

海馬迴

Large limbic structures of the medial temporal lobes, one in each hemisphere; the hippocampi are involved in certain kinds of memory.

中間顳葉的廣大邊緣結構，在各個半球;此結構被介入在某些記憶類型。

Hippocampus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CA068R09

Mesencephalon

中腦

The midbrain; the division of the brain between the diencephalons and the metencephalon.

即中腦;對腦的區分在間腦和後腦之間。

Neurocogntive Linguistics

CA068R10

Metencephalon

後腦

The anterior division of the hindbrain; the area of the brain between the mesencephalon and the myelencephalon.

後腦的先前區分;腦的區域在中腦和末腦(腦脊髓)之間。

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Langbrain

CA068R11

Midbrain

中腦

The middle swelling of the three that appear at the anterior end of the developing vertebrate neural tube; the mesenoephalon.

三個中間膨脹處出現在發展中的脊椎動物的神經系統的管的先前末端;即中腦。

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

CA068R12

Migration

遷移

The stage of neural development during which newly created neurons migrate from the region of cell division to appropriate locations in the developing neural tube.

在最近創造的神經系統期間的神經元發展階段從細胞分裂的區域移動到適當的地點在發展中的神經系統的管。

Featured Articles : Cell Migration Gateway

撰寫人：3338康政

CA069R13

Myelencephalon：延髓

The most posterior of the brain’s five divisions; the area of the brain between the metencephalon and the spinal cord .

最後方大腦的五個分裂，在後腦和脊髓之間的地方。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelencephalon

CA069R14

Myelination：髓鞘

The stage of neuron development during which many axons become myelinated by glial cells .

神經膠質細胞造成軸突髓鞘化這段期間的神經元發展階段。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myelination

CA069R15

Neural crest：神經冠

The vertebrate embryonic structure that is located just dorsal and lateral to the neural tube; it is formed from neural plate cells that break away as the neural tube is being formed; the neural crest develops into the PNS.

脊椎動物的胚胎結構，是在神經管的背向和側向；他是從神經板細胞形成的，如同神經管被打破而形成；神經冠發展至週邊神經系統。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_crest

http://images.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sunysb.edu/biochem/BIOCHEM/facultypages/holdener/figures/c112k/fig1.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.sunysb.edu/biochem/BIOCHEM/facultypages/holdener/c112k.html&h=314&w=541&sz=47&hl=zh-TW&start=10&um=1&tbnid=LGYKxD1WO9khLM:&tbnh=77&tbnw=132&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNeural%2Bcrest%26um%3D1%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DN

CA069R16

Neural groove：神經溝槽

The groove that develops down the center of the neural plate .

在神經板中心下的溝槽。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_groove

http://images.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v6/n12/images/nrn1805-f2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v6/n12/fig_tab/nrn1805_F2.html&h=997&w=600&sz=60&hl=zh-TW&start=5&um=1&tbnid=MyU4Vkt44pKjmM:&tbnh=149&tbnw=90&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNeural%2Bgroove%26um%3D1%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DG

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Neural plate：神經板

The patch of tissue on the dorsal surface of the vertebrate embryo that develops into the nervous system; in human embryos, it is first visible about 18 days following conception.

覆蓋在脊椎動物的胚胎背側表面的組織，會發展成神經系統，在人類的胚胎發育中，可在開始的第18天看到。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_plate

http://images.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/Images/NeuralPlate.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Lists/Glossary/Early_Development.html&h=284&w=343&sz=4&hl=zh-TW&start=4&um=1&tbnid=sFZxUqf8pUvCsM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=120&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNeural%2Bplate%26um%3D1%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DG

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Neural tube：神經管

The fluid-filled tube that is formed in the vertebrate embryo when the lips of the neural groove fuse; the neural tube develops into the CNS.

充滿液體的管，當神經溝槽的唇混合時在脊椎動物胚胎形成，神經管會發展成中樞神經系統。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_tube

http://images.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/miller/sketchbrain3.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/neuraldevel1.html&h=329&w=315&sz=23&hl=zh-TW&start=9&tbnid=BMHM3m0auOAc5M:&tbnh=119&tbnw=114&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNeural%2Btube%26gbv%3D2%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DG

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Neuron death：神經元死亡

The stage of early nervous system development during which large numbers of neurons die, typically those that have not established effective synaptic contacts.

早期神經系統發展的期間，有大量神經元死亡的階段，典型上來說，都是那些沒有建立神經網路的突觸細胞。

http://images.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://www.reeve.uci.edu/anatomy/images/injury_4.png&imgrefurl=http://www.reeve.uci.edu/anatomy/injury.php&h=360&w=480&sz=147&hl=zh-TW&start=1&tbnid=JOvN3hR2mzxnfM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3DNeuron%2Bdeath%26gbv%3D2%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DG

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Olfactory bulbs：嗅球

The bulbous structures on the inferior surface of the frontal lobes one in each hemisphere; they are the first relay nuclei of the olfactory system.

在每個大腦半球額葉的前表皮上的球狀結構，他們是嗅覺系統中第一個傳遞細胞核。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_bulbs

http://www.aafp.org/afp/20000115/427.html

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Process growth and synapse formation：突觸形成和成長過程

The stage of neural development during which axons and dendrites grow and establish synaptic contacts.

軸突和樹突成長與建立突觸連接的神經發展階段。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptogenesis

http://images.google.com.tw/imgres?imgurl=http://web.mit.edu/flybrain/littletonlab/_borders/fly-brain.jpg&imgrefurl=http://web.mit.edu/flybrain/littletonlab/Syn%2520Form.htm&h=363&w=485&sz=37&hl=zh-TW&start=4&tbnid=wEb1Ue2F8eooeM:&tbnh=97&tbnw=129&prev=/images%3Fq%3DProcess%2Bgrowth%2Band%2Bsynapse%2Bformation%26gbv%3D2%26complete%3D1%26hl%3Dzh-TW%26sa%3DG

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Proliferation：增殖

The stage of neural development during which many new neurons are created by cell division in the region of the neural tube adjacent to its fluid- filled inner canal.

在鄰近神經管充滿液體的管道內的地區細胞分裂，產生許多新的神經元細胞的神經發展階段。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_development_in_humans

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Radial glial cells：放射狀神經節細胞

The temporary network of glial cells that exists in the developing neural tube only during the period of neuron migration; migrating neurons travel outward from their point of creation along this glial network.

神經節細胞暫時性的網路，存在於神經管的發展中，只在神經元遷移的週期中出現；遷移的神經元細胞會從他們出生的點沿著神經節網路旅行。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_glia

撰寫人：4047思婷

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Telencephalon終腦

The most anterior of the brain’s five divisions; the anterior division of the forebrain.

最前部大腦的五個區域，前腦的前部區域。

【補充】

telencephalon (tel-en-sef-lon) [TA] The anterior division of the prosencephalon, which develops into the olfactory lobes, the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, and the subcortical telencephalic nuclei, and the basal ganglia (nuclei), particularly the striatum and the amygdala. Syn: endbrain [G. telos, end, + enkephalos, brain]

相關網站：

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telencephalon

Gray's Anatomy (1918) http://www.bartleby.com/107/pages/page817.html

相關圖片Das Gehirn Die Architektur des Gehirns www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/.../telencephalon.gif (來源：http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/joerg/sgtutorial/architektur.html)

相關圖片www.sofiatopia.org/equiaeon/ibrain6.jpg (來源：www.sofiatopia.org/equiaeon/brainmind_brain.htm)

相關圖片Image:Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/9/91/20060918082201!Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg (來源：http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Telencephalon-Horiconatal.jpg)

[PPT] 端腦 Telencephalon 202.204.190.1/jiepou/anatomy/06courseware/17.5-%B6%CB%C4%D4.ppt

[PPT] The Telencephalon www.yymc.edu.cn/yuanxi/jcb/jpk/xjkj/telencephalon.ppt

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撰寫人：1012侑倫

Without referring to Chapter 1, fill in each of the following blanks with the correct term from the chapter. The correct answers are provided at the back of the book. Carefully review the material related to your incorrect answers.

不參照第一章，填入正確答案在空格中。正確答案在書本中。仔細地複習你不正確的答案。

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1.Together, the ovaries and testes are referred to as the “naughty bits” or gonads.

卵巢和睪丸被稱為生殖器或生殖腺

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonads

相關圖片：生殖腺

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2.In sequence, the four regions of the spine and spinal cord are, from head to bottom, the cervical, thoracic, , lumbar and sacral regions.

在一連串中，脊椎和脊椎神經的四個部位是從頭到屁股，子宮頸，胸部，腰椎和薦骨的部位。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

相關圖片：脊髓

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3. The motor division of the autonomic nervous system that is active during periods of threat is the sympathetic nervous system.

自律神經系統的運動神經活動於當經歷恐嚇的時段，是一交感神經系統。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system

相關圖片：交感神經系統

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4. The adrenal cortex releases hormones that influence energy metabolism, mineral balance, and reproductive behavior.

腎上腺皮質釋放荷爾蒙影響能量的新陳代謝，礦物質的恆定和生殖行為。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortex

相關圖片：腎上腺皮質

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5. The hypothalamus secrets releasing hormones.

下視丘分泌釋激素。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus

相關圖片：下視丘

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6. The autonomic nervous system is the major division of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body’s internal environment.

自律神經系統是周邊神經系統的主要部分，與人體內的調節有關。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system

相關圖片：自律神經系統

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7. The H-shaped area of tissue in the core of the spinal cord is referred to as the spinal gray matter.

脊椎神經的H形區域被稱為脊髓的灰質。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_matter

相關圖片：灰質

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8. Nerves emerge from the spinal cord at 31 different level; 2 motor nerves and 2 sensory nerves emerge from each level.

神經在脊髓有31個不同的級別；2條運動神經和2條感覺神經分別出現在每個級別中。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerves

相關圖片：神經

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9. The pituitary secretes tropic hormones.

腦垂體分泌甲狀腺素。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary

相關圖片：腦垂體

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10. Nerves that carry signals toward a structure are said to be afferent with respect to that structure.

神經攜帶訊號到傳入相關的組織中。

相關圖片：神經的傳導

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11. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate, stimulates adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla, and decreases salivation.

交感神經系統增加心跳數，刺激腎上腺髓質分泌腎上腺素和減少分泌唾液。

相關網站：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system

相關圖片：交感神經系統

撰寫人：1922承樺

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The brain and spinal cord together compose the central nervous system.

中樞神經系統是由大腦和脊髓神經所共同組成的。

相關網站：

維基-中樞神經系統(英文)

維基-中樞神經系統(中文)

奇摩知識-中樞神經系統

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The nerves of the parasympathetic division of the ANS leave the CNS from the brain and the sacral region of the spinal cord.

自律神經系統中的副交感神經是由中樞神經系統中的腦及薦部脊髓傳遞出來，也就是其節前神經細胞是存在於腦及薦部脊髓。

相關網站：

維基-ANS(英文)

維基-自主神經系統(中文)

奇摩知識-自主神經系統

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Two important glands are visible on the underneath surface of the brain. The pituitary is suspended by a stalk from the hypothalamus.

兩個重要可被看見在大腦表面底部的腺體。腦垂體被懸掛在丘腦底部的柄上。

相關網站：

維基-腦下垂體(中文)

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The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.

周邊神經系統有分兩大分類，自主神經系統和體神經系統。

相關網站：

維基-周圍神經系統(中文)

奇摩知識-周圍神經系統

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Sensory nerves enter the spinal cord via the dorsal roots；motor nerves exit via the ventral roots.

感覺神經經由背根進入脊髓；運動神經經由腹根離開脊髓。

相關網站：

維基-脊髓

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All endocrine glands release hormones into the blood stream.

所有內分泌腺都會釋放荷爾蒙到血液裡。

相關網站：

維基-內分泌系統(英文)

維基-內分泌系統(中文)

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Sympathetic nervous system activity causes the adrenal medulla to release hormones, such as adrenaline, which have effects similar to those of the sympathetic nervous system.

交感神經系統興奮會導致腎上腺髓質釋放荷爾蒙，像是腎上腺素，它的作用就類似那些交感神經系統。

相關網站：

維基-交感神經系統(中文)

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The spinal cord is the division of the CNS that mediates many of the rapid reflexive responses of our skeletal muscles, such as the reflexive withdrawal of a hand from a burning stove.

脊髓神經是中樞神經系統和可以有快速反射動作的骨骼肌的居間調節者，像是手碰到著火的棒子會有快速縮回的反應。

相關網站：

維基-脊髓(英文)

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There are two kinds of fibers in the peripheral nervous system： sensory nerves and motor nerves.

周邊神經系統有兩種神經纖維：感覺神經和運動神經。

相關網站：

維基-PNS