Academy of Neuroscience: CA-R3

Showing posts with label CA-R3. Show all posts

Saturday, June 21, 2008

CA203R11.3宏舜

CA203R01

The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus was once thought to be a satiety center; and the lateral hypothalamus was thought to be a hunger center.

下視丘腹內側核被視為為飽覺中樞；而下視丘側部為餓覺中樞。

補充資料：Hypothalamic dysfunction Syndrome下視丘功能障礙症候群

CA203R02

Light influences the circadian clock via the retinohypothalamic tracts.

光線經由下視丘視網徑影響晝夜節律時鐘。

3.Neurons of the serotonergic raphe’ nuclei and the noradrenergic locus coeruleus are active during SWS.

神經元受血液中的血紅素和正腎上腺素影響在SWS時期是活躍的

4.Angiotensin II induces thirst through its effect on the subfornical organ.

血管緊縮素II通過他的作用導致干渴的亞器官

相關連結

5.The raphe’ nuclei are though to be involved in defensive behavior and SWS.

Raphe’ nuclei會在防禦和SWS時變的複雜

相關連結

6.Cell bodies of mesotelencephalic dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area.

位於黑質間皮多巴胺神經元細胞體是內殼面積

相關連結

7.The circadian clock is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei.

生理節奏的時鐘位於上核

相關連結

8.Bilateral lesions of the orbitofrontal cortex reduce fear and anxiety

Orbitofrontal外皮的雙邊損害會減少恐懼和憂慮

相關圖片

9. REM sleep is controlled by cholinergic neurons in the pontine reticular formation.

快速動眼期睡眠由糞膽鹼神經元控制在橋腦網狀結締組織的形成。

10. The amygdala is a limbic site at which fear is through to be linked to particular sensory stimuli.

杏仁核是恐懼將通過與特殊知覺刺激連接的一個大腦邊緣系統站點。

11. Increases in osmotic pressure are detected by osmoreceptors in the lateral preoptic area.

在滲透壓力的增量由滲透壓感受器查出在側向前視區域。

12. Lesions of the lateral hypothalamus disrupt motor behavior and produce a general insensitivity sensory stimulation.

側向下丘腦的損害打亂馬達行為和導致一般感覺遲鈍知覺刺激。

13. Slow-wave sleep is punctuated by periods of REM sleep.

慢揮動睡眠在快速動眼期睡眠以前的期間加標點。

14. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system is associated with feelings of fear and anxiety.

有同情心的神經系統的活化作用同恐懼和憂慮聯繫在一起的感覺。

15. Some of the effects of large VMN lesions result from damage to fibers passing through the area from the paraventricular nuclei.

一些影響大量VMA〈腹內側核〉傷處的產生損害纖維物質經過腦室旁核區域。

16. The nucleus accumbens is an important terminal of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

伏隔細胞核是重要末端的中腦系統多巴胺〈一種化合物〉系統。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA

17. Large bilateral lesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus increase eating by facilitating the conversion of blood glucose to body fat and blocking its conversion back to blood glucose.

兩腹內側核的機能障礙下視丘增加供食用促進改變血糖的脂肪體和神經阻斷轉回血糖。

http://www.sanqi.com.tw/Chinese_pages/herb_food/herb_food_health/herb-food-niddm-01.htm

18. Hypovolemia induces the release of renin from the kidneys , which increases the synthesis in the blood of angiotensin ll.

血漿導致釋放腎臟的腎激素，增加血液合成血管緊縮素。

http://library.mit.edu.tw:8080/Content.asp?ID=21088

19. The target sites of tracts from the hypothalamus that mediate female and male copulatory behavior , respectively , are the periaqueductal gray and the lateral tegmental field.

在下視丘管道束的位置來自雌性和雄性性交行為分別為環腦導水管灰質和側面的蓋性範圍。

20. The substantia nigra is located in the tegmentum of the midbrain.

黑質是位於大腦腳蓋的中腦。

21. Electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei , amygdala , or some areas of the hypothalamus can elicit defensive behaviors.

兩半對稱體的類扁桃體中心杏仁核受到電刺激使一些下視丘區域引起自衛行為。

CA067R4.3宏舜

CA067R4.3宏舜

4-3

1-6 missing? 缺交 9580006 嚴英仁?

7.The metencephalon and the myelencephalon compose the hindbrain.

翻譯：後腦是以metencephalon and the myelencephalon組成。

參考資料http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864264/Neuroscience/neuron/brain.htm

8.Migration of neurons occurs along a temporary network of radial cells.

翻譯：神經傳導細胞的移動發生靠近於短暫的網絡在橈骨側的細胞

參考資料http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E&variant=zh-tw

9.The cells of the neural tube proliferate most rapidly at its anterior end

翻譯：細胞在神經管使快速擴散在前梢末端。

相關資料

神經的傳導速度主要取決於軸索的直徑與髓鞘化的程度.
就具有髓鞘的神經纖維而言,傳導速度(m/s)大約為直徑(μ)的3.7倍；例如,一支大的(20μ)有髓鞘的纖維,其傳導速度接近75m/s.直徑為1~4μ的無髓鞘神經纖維,其傳導速度為1~4m/s.像是痛覺神經便是無髓鞘的一種神經,傳導比較慢.

10. At the tip of each growing axon is a growth cone.

翻譯：位於尖端的發展中的軸索會漸漸的變成圓錐形。

相關資料

負責神經訊息的傳出(與樹突相反，樹突負責接收訊息)。一個神經元最多只有一個軸突，當然軸突本身可能有一些分岔。軸突藉由分泌神經傳導物質達到傳遞訊息的效果，神經傳導物質包括乙醯膽鹼、正腎上腺素，在中樞神經的神經元軸突有的還會分泌多巴胺、血清素、腦內啡等。

11.Paradoxically, neuron death is an important phase of neural development; it greatly reduces the number of neurons in the developing brain.

翻譯：

反常的，細胞的死亡是細胞發展重要的一面，他促進產生新的細胞再於腦 部生長。

12.Many developing axons become myelinated by glial cells; this increase the speed of axonal conduction.

翻譯：許多生長中的軸索變成有髓鞘的神經膠細胞，他能增加軸索傳遞的速度。

相關資料：

微膠細胞
如星細胞般，微膠細胞降解部分死亡的神經元。
寡樹膠細胞
在中樞神經系統中提供神經元絕緣體(髓鞘質) 。
衛星細胞
周圍神經系統神經元生理上的支持。
許旺氏細胞
提供周圍神經系統神經元的絕緣體（髓鞘質

13. During the 4th week of prenatal development, swellings first become visible on the anterior end of the neural tube. At first, there are 3 of them.

在胎兒發展期間的第4 個星期，脹大部份首先可在神經管的先前末端可看見。起初，可分為三部份。

相關網站： http://203.71.239.23/naerResource/study/39/4-1-1.htm

14. The neural tube develops into the CNS; the neural crest develops into the PNS.

神經管發展為中樞神經系統；神經脊發展為周邊神經系統

15. Of the brain’s five divisions, the most anterior is the telencephalon，and the most posterior is the myelencephlon.

腦的五個部份。最前端為中腦，最末端為腦髓。

http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/phylo_c.html

16. Prior to the development of the neural plate, the cells that will ultimately compose it are totipotential.

在神經板發展之前，最後將它組成是全能性細胞。.

17. Proliferation occurs in the part of the neural tube adjacent to its fluid-filled interior.

增殖發生於神經管在它充滿液體內部附近的一部份

18. The mesencephalon lies between the diencephalon and the metencephalon.

中腦位於間腦和後腦之間

http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/gif/mesout.gif

Fasciculation encourages later growth cones to follow the trail of the pioneer growth cone.

肌束震顫可促進後成長錐體延續前成長錐體的痕跡。

補充資料：發育生物學 ( 3. Axonal guidance ) a. the growth cone controls the path taken by the growing axon

CA067R20

The fact that some axons grow to their correct target cells, even when the target cells have been transplanted to a new location supports the chemoaffinity theory.

某些軸突會朝著他們正確的目標細胞生長，即使目標細胞已被移至新的位置也如此。這個事實支持chemoaffinity理論。

補充資料：Division of Molecular Neurobiology

The fact that some axons grow to the previous location of their correct target cells when the target cells have been moved supports the blueprint theory.

某些軸突在其目標細胞被移除後，會朝其正確目標細胞先前所在的位置成長，這個事實支持藍圖理論。

補充資料：Division of Molecular Neurobiology

Substantial adult neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampi and the olfactory bulbs.

實質的成體神經元新生發生在海馬與嗅球。

補充資料：海馬體、嗅球的圖解及功能說明(維基百科)

Friday, April 4, 2008

CA183R10.3馥榕01-11

1-11 撰寫人1214馥榕

Without referring to Chapter 10, fill in each of the following blanks with the correct term from the chapter. The correct answers are provided at the back of the book. Carefully review the material related to your incorrect answers.

不要翻閱第十章的內容，填入下列每個空格中正確的專有名詞。在書本後面提供正解，並仔細地檢討錯誤答案的相關資料。

1. H.M.’s operation was a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy.

H.M的手術為一雙內側顳葉切除術。

2. CA stands for cornu ammonis, which is another term for hippocampus.

CA為cornu ammonis(海馬)的縮寫，另一個名稱為hippocampus海馬。

Quote in which online medical / etymological dictionary do you find the term cornu ammonis(海馬)

3. The neurons of the basal forebrain release acetylcholine throughout the neocortex.

前腦底部的神經元釋放乙醯膽鹼至新皮質中。

4. The process by which short-term memories are converted to long-term memories is called consolidation.

由短期記憶轉變至長期記憶的過程稱為固化。

5. The hippocampus and adjacent dentate gyrus are allocortex.

海馬及其鄰近的齒狀迴為allocortex異皮質。

Check in the dictionary for the definition of the prefix allo-

6. The subicular cortex is a transition area of cortex between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

海馬支腳為海馬及內嗅皮質間的過度區。

Find relevant neuroanatomical pictures on the web?

7. The amnesia of Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be associated with degeneration of cholinergic structures of the basal forebrain.

阿茲海默症引起的記憶缺失，被認為與前腦底部ㄧ具有類似乙醯膽鹼生理效力之結構的退化有關。

8. Just anterior to the hippocampus is another medial temporal lobe nucleus, the amygdale.

杏仁核為位在海馬前端的另一個內側顳葉核。

9. The area of cortex between the subicular cortex and the perirhinal cortex is the entorhinal cortex.

位於海馬支腳與外嗅皮質中間的皮質區為內嗅皮質。

10. Korsakoff’s amnesia seems to be associated with damage to the mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus.

Korsakoff的記憶缺失，似乎是與丘腦內背側核的損傷有關。

11. At the very edge of the cortex is the hippocampal CA 4 region.

在皮質很邊緣的地方，為海馬趾第四區。

Monday, March 17, 2008

CA149R08.3

Without referring to chapter 8, fill in each of the following blanks with the correct term from the chapter. The correct answers are provided at the back of the book. Carefully review the material related to your incorrect answers.

不參考第八章，將下列每一個空白處從章節中填入正確的術語，正確答案提供於本書後面，仔細地回顧材料與您的不正確答案有關。

CA149R01

1. Retinal ganglion cells carry signals out of the eye to the lateral geniculate nuclei.

視網膜神經節細胞運載信號在眼睛外面對側向膝狀的神經核。

【補充】

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion_cell

Fortunecity http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/tree/219/vision2.html

webvision.med.utah.edu/Wong.html

Answers.com http://www.answers.com/topic/receptive-field?cat=health

線上英漢字典 http://cdict.giga.net.tw/q/geniculate

Morphogenesis of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus www.ks.uiuc.edu/.../Neural/morphogenesis.html

相關圖片http://gsbs.uth.tmc.edu/images/klein_diagram.jpg (來源：William H. Klein, Ph.D. http://gsbs.uth.tmc.edu/tutorial/klein_w.html)

相關影片 patch clamp - isolated retina - Miller Lab http://hk.youtube.com/watch?v=e7rdGKfiU0I

CA149R02

2. The auditory nerve leaves the cochlea as part of the 8^th cranial nerve and terminates in the ipsilateral cochlear nuclei.

從耳蝸出來的聽覺神經為第8對頭顱神經且終止於同側的耳蝸神經核。

【補充】

Auditory Nerve Definition http://www.nchearingloss.org/audnerve.htm

聽覺途徑及聽覺中樞http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/hearing/Auditry%20pathways.htm

相關影片：

How the Body Works : The Auditory Pathways http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=cfAyPbFYGJw

The Ear: the Organ of Hearing http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=7a2aoZeZhZ8&feature=related

Science of Sound http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=_ovMh2A3P5k&feature=related

How the Body Works : The Organ of Corti http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=8wgfowbbTz0&feature=related

How Ear Works http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=skXQ6PuIc4s&feature=related

How the Body Works : The Cochlea http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=ei_vRzp8IN0&feature=related

CA149R03

3. Axon from the medial hemiretinas decussate in the optic chiasm; axons from the lateral hemiretinas do not.

軸突從中間上半眼角膜十字形交叉在視神經交叉，而軸突從側邊的上半眼角膜則無。

【補充】

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic_chiasm

Optic Chiasm http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec20/ch235/ch235a.html

視覺交響曲第二樂章: LGN http://mmdays.com/2007/06/22/visual_pathway/

視覺-今日心理 http://www.zgxl.net/cptoday/nous/shijue.htm

相關圖片：

instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/vistopo.gif

http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-optic.jpg

http://www.cptc.ctc.edu/library/Bio%20118%20Lecture%20Notes%20Rev%200105_files/image123.jpg

http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_09/i_09_cl/i_09_cl_dev/i_09_cl_dev_2a.jpg

相關影片：

How the Body Works : The Visual Mechanism http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=WK2k_-f8R48

CA149R04

4. Primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe.

主要體覺皮質區位於各頂葉的中央後回。

【補充】

Primary somatosensory cortex：主要體覺皮質區 (腦負責告知痛覺的部位和強度區域)

小小神經科學：腦葉http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/lobe_c.htm

手肌反射http://www.tscn.org.tw/%E6%89%8B%E8%82%8C%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84

小小神經科學：腦的容量http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/brainsize_c.html

www.nyas.org/.../images/smith_11_brain.jpg

www.dwp.gov.uk/.../images/brain.gif (來源：www.dwp.gov.uk/.../obd/specific_nps_obd.asp)

Postcentral gyrus http://defiant.ssc.uwo.ca/Jody_web/fMRI4Dummies/brains/corticalsulci/central_sulci_saggitalview.jpg

Calcium currents in the somatosensory cortex of the mouse http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=W9bn_XYDbUo

CA149R05

5. As the result of the pattern of decussation in the visual pathways, information about any object that we see to the left of our center of gaze is conducted from the left eye to the right hemisphere and from the right eye to the left hemisphere.

由於視覺路徑交叉的模式，在我們的注視左邊的中心看到的任一個物體的資訊被引導從左眼到右半球，右眼到左半球。

【補充】

心理學實驗室 http://www.fgu.edu.tw/~psychology/know/data/exp/01.htm

視覺資訊系統 http://203.68.20.65/science/content/1988/00030219/0007.htm

大腦視覺傳導路徑與治療活動的關係 http://ftp.hnl.com.tw/findingmsko/news0410.html

動物的視覺神經生理探討 http://203.68.20.65/science/content/1978/00090105/0014.htm

生物時鐘電活性節律的機轉 http://163.25.114.16/rong-chi/research.htm

http://www.tzeye.com/new/photograph/ms_picture/a1039.jpg

http://bunseiri.hp.infoseek.co.jp/images/eyeden.jpg

http://www.jiko110.com/contents/gaisyou/toubugaisho/img/c_byo_h_35.gif

相關影片：

How the Body Works : The Visual Mechanism http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=WK2k_-f8R48

CA149R06

6. Information about touch and proprioception ascends the spinal cord ipsilaterally in the dorsolateral spinal cord.

在背面側方的脊髓上關於觸覺和本體感覺的資訊可上溯到同一側的脊髓。

【補充】

相關網站：

本體感覺 proprioception：動物對於與本身位置、姿勢、平衡或內部狀態有關的刺激的感覺。

Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprioception http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord

Proprioception http://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/proprioception/index.html

本體感覺_百度百科http://baike.baidu.com/view/247056.htm

本體感覺運動理論http://www.taiwanpt.net/ptdc2.asp?mrn=1634

神經系統傳導通路http://des.cmu.edu.cn/jiaoxue/kecheng/jiepo/xitong/shenjing/zhongshu/chuandao/senying1.htm

相關圖片：

http://www.jssm.org/vol4/n4/26/f1.gif

http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/Images/17F.jpg

http://neurobranches.chez-alice.fr/images/imagessn/imagesens/vpropriocons.jpg

Spinal cord http://tw.youtube.com/results?search_query=spinal+cord&search_type=

CA149R07

7. The two general regions of secondary visual cortex in each hemisphere are the prestriate cortex and the inforotemporal cortex.

在各半球的次級視覺皮質的2個一般區域是後頂葉皮質和前顳葉皮質。

【補充】

http://www.xinli525.cn/bbs1/archiver/?tid-64.html

Optomotor System - an overview www.optomotorik.de/blicken/intro.htm

http://webvision.med.utah.edu/Color.html

CA149R08

8. The optic nerves become known as the optic tracts once they have passed the optic chiasm and entered the brain.

視神經又稱為視神經徑，一旦他們通過視神經交叉便進入大腦。

【補充】

optic nerves 視神經：腦神經II，由眼睛的視交叉中一捆神經節細胞接受器組成。

optic tracts：視神經徑，(由視神經交叉，繞至大腦腳分成內外側兩支，分別終止於外膝狀體及上丘superior colliculus)。

optic chiasm 視交叉：是視覺途徑中的一個構造，有些是神經纖維在此會交叉。

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%A7%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F

Central Visual Pathways http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/vispath.html

THE EYE http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_02/d_02_cr/d_02_cr_vis/d_02_cr_vis.html

http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/cor5.gif

http://instruct.uwo.ca/anatomy/530/vistopo.gif

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/9708.jpg

http://academic.kellogg.cc.mi.us/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/f19-12b_anatomy_of_the__c.jpg

CA149R09

9. The superior olivary nuclei receive signals from the cochlear nuclei and conduct them via the lateral lemnisci to the inferior colliculi .

上橄欖核接收從耳蝸神經核的訊號並引導他們經由丘系外核(外側丘系核)到下丘。

【補充】

http://www.wiki.cn/wiki/Inferior_colliculus

Nervous system http://nervous-systems.com/brain_medu.html

ANATOMY OF VISION http://www.indiana.edu/~pietsch/v414optic08.html

大腦 (Brain) http://life.nthu.edu.tw/%7Eg864264/Neuroscience/neuron/brain.htm

The Brain http://www.becomehealthynow.com/article/bodynervousadvanced/819/5

http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-midbrain.jpg

http://bunseiri.hp.infoseek.co.jp/images/midbrain.gif

http://universe-review.ca/I10-80-hindbrain2b.jpg

http://www.unifr.ch/biochem/dreyer/images/tegmentum.jpg

CA149R10

10. The thalamic relay nuclei of the auditory system are the medial geniculate nuclei.

聽覺系統的丘腦中繼核是內側膝狀體核。

【補充】

http://basic.shsmu.edu.cn/passw/anatomy_new/wskt/Cerebellum.swf

medial geniculate nuclei http://www.answers.com/topic/medial-geniculate-body?cat=health

http://www.becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/nervous/brain_lobes_sm.jpg

撰寫人：柔儀

CA149R11

Primary auditory cortex is located in the superior region of each temporal lobe.

主要聽覺外皮位於各世俗耳垂的優越區域。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_motor_cortex

CA149R12

Much of the primary auditory cortex is in Heschl’s gyri,which are located in the lateral fissure.

許多主要聽覺外皮是在Heschl 的gyri 裡, 設置側向裂痕。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex

CA149R13

The primary visual cortex constitutes much of the occipital lobe.

主要視覺外皮構成許多occipital 耳垂。

http://eyelab.webedu.ccu.edu.tw/eyeweb/mw05/articles/DF_Brain_paper.pdf

CA149R14

The dorsal column nuclei are located in the medulla.

背部專欄中堅力量設置骨髓。

http://www.cps.org.tw/docs/48(2)%2065-71,%202005.pdf

CA149R15

The PAG is located in the midbrain around the cerebral aqueduct.

PAG 位於midbrain 在大腦渡槽附近。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag

CA149R16

Tactual and proprioceptive information from the face reaches the brain via the three branches of the trigeminal nerve ,the fifth cranial nerve.

觸覺和本體感受的資訊從面孔到達腦子通過trigeminal 神經, 第五根頭蓋骨神經的三個分支

http://home.wit.no/skarpreklame/Kunder/Bedrifter/Theodor/Letters/A/

CA149R17

Primary visual cortex is organized retinotopically;primary auditory cortex is organized tonotopically ;and primary somatosensory cortex is organized somatotopically.

主要視覺外皮是組織的retinotopically;primary 聽覺外皮是主要somatosensory 外皮somatotopically 被組織tonotopically 的組織的;and 。

http://bette.aecom.yu.edu/1neuroanatomy/eg_jones.pdf

CA149R18

The topographic map in primary somatosensory cortex is often referred to as the somatosensory homunculus.

地形學地圖在主要somatosensory 外皮經常指somatosensory homunculus

http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/121/12/2271.pdf

CA149R19

Secondary visual ,auditory,and somatosensory cortexes all project to posterior parietal association cortex.

次要視覺, 聽覺, 和somatosensory 外皮所有項目對後部頭頂骨協會外皮。

http://www.answers.com/topic/cerebral-cortex?cat=health

CA149R20

Endorphins excite neurons in the periqueductal gray.

Endorphins 激發神經元在periqueductal 灰色。

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/anphys/1999/Self/Endorphins.htm

CA149R21

The raphe nuclei are serotonergic nuclei of the midbrain reticular formation.

raphe 中堅力量是midbrain 網狀結締組織的形成的serotonergic 中堅力量。

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphe_nucleus

Academy of Neuroscience

Brian Tracy

Neuroanatomy

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Saturday, June 21, 2008

CA203R11.3宏舜

CA203R11.3宏舜

CA067R4.3宏舜

Friday, April 4, 2008

CA183R10.3馥榕01-11

CA183R10.3馥榕01-11

Without referring to Chapter 10, fill in each of the following blanks with the correct term from the chapter. The correct answers are provided at the back of the book. Carefully review the material related to your incorrect answers.

1. H.M.’s operation was a bilateral medial temporal lobectomy.

2. CA stands for cornu ammonis, which is another term for hippocampus.

3. The neurons of the basal forebrain release acetylcholine throughout the neocortex.

4. The process by which short-term memories are converted to long-term memories is called consolidation.

5. The hippocampus and adjacent dentate gyrus are allocortex.

6. The subicular cortex is a transition area of cortex between the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.

7. The amnesia of Alzheimer’s disease is thought to be associated with degeneration of cholinergic structures of the basal forebrain.

8. Just anterior to the hippocampus is another medial temporal lobe nucleus, the amygdale.

9. The area of cortex between the subicular cortex and the perirhinal cortex is the entorhinal cortex.

10. Korsakoff’s amnesia seems to be associated with damage to the mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus.

11. At the very edge of the cortex is the hippocampal CA 4 region.

Monday, March 17, 2008

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撰寫人： 柔儀

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撰寫人：柔儀