LB027-029T 宜珊

LB027-029T 宜珊

VI. Conclusion

In this chapter we have covered a vast territory citing embryological, anatomical, physiological, and genetic facts pertinent to a great variety of animals. The aim of these excursions was to provide a panorama of the many aspects of the study of behavior and the scientific approaches to this study. We wished to demonstrate the intimate relationship between behavior and biological phenomena in general. We shall, in subsequent chapters, focus on language, but from the foregoing discussions it will be apparent that a biology of language must go far beyond the traditional subjects, namely beyond a demonstration that man is not the only communicating animal, and that certain animal experiments are analogous to language acquistion. Instead, we may expect that language, just as the other types of behavior disucssed in this chapter, is determined to a large extent by biological potentialities.

在這一章，我們涵蓋了廣大的範圍，指出胚胎學、解剖學、生理學及遺傳學facts pertinent to a great variety of animals和許多動物有關。會提及這些那麼遠的學科，其主要目的The aim of these excursions是為了提供對行為研究及它的科學方法一個全面性的概觀。我們希望能證明行為和生物現象之間的密切關係。我們在後面的章節，將集中於語言部分，但是根據前面的討論，會很明顯的顯示出語言的生物面一定遠遠超過傳統的議題，也就是證明人類不是唯一會溝通的動物，並且某些動物實驗和語言習得類似。 取而代之的是，我們期待Instead, we may expect that語言，就像本章討論到的其它行為一樣，是被生物的潛能性所決定。

Vocabulary

embryological: adj,胚胎學的

excursion: n,離題

panorama:n, 全景, 全觀, 概觀

We have come to the following conclusions in the previous sections. The central nervous system and other tissues in the body develop simultaneously and influence one another continuously during morphogenesis. Also, the internal architecture of bones is in part influenced by muscle tonus, which in turn depends on central nervous system activity. As soon as embryonic tissues are sufficiently differentiated movement and primitive stages of behavior appear, and these develop pari passu with further embryonic development. In mammals and most birds, individuals emerge into the world after a complex ontogenetic history in which behavioral differentiation played as important a role as tissue differentiation. Once the individual mammal attains freedom from the intrauterine influence, he is neither a passive tool that may be put to any arbitrary use nor a tabula rasa into which behavior can be arbitrarily inscribed. There is in certain instances a developmental connection between the morphological charateristics and the behavioral characteristics of a species. However, a simple inspection of form does not ordinarily allow us to predict the complete behavioral characteristics of the animal. But if the animal's behavior is well-known, some of its morphological characteristics can then be related to function.

從前面幾個sections部分，我們有come to以下幾個結論。中樞神經系統和其它身體上的組織同時發展並且在形態生成的過程中不斷地互相影響。此外，骨骼的內部結構會某種程度上地受到肌肉的彈性muscle tonus影響，而肌肉的彈性muscle tonus則取決於中樞神經系統的活動 。只要胚胎的組織一經過充分的分化，movement and primitive stages of behavior appear行為的動作和行為的原始階段就會出現，而且這些發展和進一步的胚胎發展develop pari passu同種速度。在哺乳類以及大多數的鳥類，個體的出生是經過一個複雜的發育歷程，而行為的分化在這個歷程中所扮演的角色就像組織分化一樣重要。一個個体哺乳類一旦attains freedom from the intrauterine influence不受母體的影響而取得自由，他就不是一個被任意使用的工具，也不是a tabula rasa into which behavior can be arbitrarily inscribed一個被任意銘記行為的白板。他更深一層的行為功能會受到生物上的限制There are biological limits to its future behavioral repertoire, and these express themselves as species-specificities，這些都能從他自己顯現出生物特有的性質。像這樣的特殊性一直都存在著，而且也沒有行為(包含語言)可以被免除。許多動物都具有某種程度的可塑性，但是the building blocks of any behavior however arbitrarily it might have been shapted by exterior forces, remain species-specific reflexes, sensitivities, and motor patterns生物的特殊性阻擋了任何的行為。基因的傳承似乎在行為建構材料的基礎本質中和動物族群的繁殖中fundamental nature of behavioral building blocks and their propagation through animal populations扮演了重要的角色。There is in certain instances a developmental connection between the morphological charateristics and the behavioral characteristics of a species. 然而，對一個形式的簡單檢驗a simple inspection of form通常不允許我們預測動物完整的行為特性。但是，如果動物的行為是很well-known有名的，它的某些morphological characteristics can then be related to function構詞特性就和功能有關。

Vocabulary

central nervous system: n, 中樞神經系統

mophogenesis:n,型態生成，指由細胞、組織和器官分化形成生物體的胚胎學過程，及依據潛在機體的遺傳學「藍圖」和周圍環境條件而發育成器官

tonus: n, 肌肉的彈性,( 肌肉)強直性

embryonic: adj,關於胚的; 胚胎的, 胎生的;未發育的, 萌芽期的

tissue:n, (動植物的)組織

pari passu: 按同比例地; 按相同速度

ontogenetic: adj,個體發育的

intrauterine: adj,子宮內的

tabula rasa : n, 白板

inscribe: v,書寫於…; 雕刻於… ;雕刻 (文字);銘記, 牢記

exterior: adj,外部的; 外來的; 外在的

propagation: n,繁殖 ; 傳播 遺傳; 普及

In our investigations of biological foundations of language we shall examine anatomical and physiological correlates: we shall attempt to follow the emergence of language through growth and maturation; and we shall attempt to see language in the context of the science of evolution. These and related matters must, by necessity, be treated in individual chapters. Yet none of these topics by themselves is likely to give us definitive clues to the biological nature of language. Each produces circumstantial evidence. Only a synopsis of the entire material will give us a picture, however hazy, of the immensely intricate design of the whole.

在我們對語言的生物基礎研究中，我們將檢視解剖和生理的correlates相關之處；我們將attempt to follow the emergence of language through growth and maturation從成長和細胞之形成領會語言的產生及形成。而且，我們將attempt to see language in the context of the science of evolution檢視語言的進化面。這些以及相關的事物都一定且必需要在獨立的章節中討論。雖然這些主題都還沒有Yet none of these topics by themselves is likely to提供我們對語言的生物本質一些可靠的線索。每個主題都是有關的證據。Only a synopsis of the entire material will give us a picture, however hazy, of the immensely intricate design of the whole.然而，只有全部資料的概要才會給我們一個輪廓，雖然朦朧但卻是錯綜複雜的圖樣。