Resources for Communication Problems

Showing posts with label NC09. Show all posts
Showing posts with label NC09. Show all posts

Monday, March 10, 2008

NC226S09

NC226S09

Ch09 Summary

Audition begins in the external ear, when collected sound waves strike the tympanic membrane. The resulting vibration of the tympanic membrane converts sound waves into mechanical energy, causing the middle ear bones to move back and forth. This mechanical energy is further transformed to a hydraulic form of energy in the cochlear fluid of the inner ear, which activates the sensory hair cells in the cochlea and transforms the hydraulic energy to electrical never impulses.

當收集的聲波撞擊鼓膜時,Audition begins in the external ear聽覺是從在外耳開始The resulting vibration of the tympanic membrane鼓膜的振動結果把聲波轉換成機械能,造成中耳聽骨前後動。這機械能在內耳的耳蝸液體中進一步變換成一種hydraulic form of energy水壓能量的形式,在耳蝸中激活感覺毛細胞並且從水壓能量變換electrical never impulses電神經衝動

摘要:「當收集的聲波傳入鼓膜時,聽覺從外耳開始。鼓膜的振動把聲波轉變成機械能,導致中耳的三小聽骨來回移動。這機械能被更進一步在內耳的耳蝸裡改變成流體的能量, 在耳蝸裡觸動毛細胞並且把流體的力能改變成神經電位傳導。」

The nerve impulses are transmitted by vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) fibers to the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. The cochlear cells project these nerve impulses to multiple synaptic points in the brain stem and the thalamus before transmitting the impulses to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe. The auditory impulses travel from the primary and secondary auditory cortex to the Wernicke (associational language) area, where the auditory signals are analyzed and interpreted into meaningful language-specific messages.

The nerve impulses神經衝動由前庭耳蝸神經(CN VIII)纖維傳達給在腦幹中的耳蝸核。before transmitting the impulses to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe在顳葉傳送脈衝給主要聽覺皮層之前,耳蝸細胞投射出這些神經衝動給在腦幹和丘腦的多胞突接合點。聽覺衝動從主要和次要聽覺皮層移動Wernicke (聯想語言)Wernicke (associational language) area,在此處聽覺信號被分析並且interpreted into meaningful language-specific messages譯成具有特定語言的訊息。

摘要:「耳蝸裡的前庭神經(CN VIII)傳送神經纖維到腦幹。耳蝸細胞神經傳導到大腦內視丘多胞突接合的點在傳送到主要聽覺皮層前的顳葉。從主要與第二聽覺的皮層到Wernicke(配對語言)的聽覺區塊,聽覺的信號被分析並且翻譯成有意義的具體語言訊息。」

Sunday, January 27, 2008

NC226TT Chapt.09

NC226TT Chapt.09

Chapter 9: Auditory System

NC226TT01

Audiogram

Graphic representation of hearing thresholds for tones at various frequencies.

聽力紀錄

NC226TT02

audiometry

聽力測定

NC226TT03

association cortex聯結皮質區

Functionally uncommitted regions of the cerebral cortex at birth that later assume integration of multimodality information and include the parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex, prefrontal association cortex, and limbic association cortex.

在出生時大腦皮質功能上未遂區域後來呈現multimodality information和枕葉顳葉壁的聯結皮質、前額葉聯結皮質和邊緣聯結皮質的整合。

對於腦的研究,終究離不開對意識與心靈(mind)的探討。神經科學研究秉持的大原則是:「心靈與意識的活動不能脫離腦而存在」,所有正常與異常的心智活動必定有它的生物基礎,這是與許多的哲學、宗教與玄學所不同的地方。雖然現階段對於意識的生物基礎瞭解仍屬有限,但從感覺、運動、到學習、記憶、及認知等各方面的諸多研究顯示,腦部所執行的各項功能並非僅局限於某些個腦部區域的參與,而是有許多的腦區做臨時的組合,共同完成。同時,腦部功能愈發達的動物,不但具有表面積更大的皮質(形成皺摺狀),同時多出許多功能不甚明確的所謂「聯合皮質」(association cortex)。這些聯合皮質與腦中各處都有聯繫,很可能就包含了掌握各種腦部組合的樞紐。這種將不同的腦區作暫時性任務編組的觀念,可以解釋我們的意識經驗(不論是記憶、思考、情緒等)可以是無窮的,不斷隨著時間、情境做轉換、新生。 

相關網站:http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864264/Neuroscience/neuron/funbrain.htm

NC226TT04

conductive hearing loss

Hearing loss that results from an interrupted transmission of sound through the outer or middle ear to the cochlea.

術語翻譯:傳導性聽力損失

聽力損失是由外耳道或中耳病變所造成的,這種聽力損失就是傳導性聽力損失,佔所有聽力損失的90%左右

NC226TT05

decibel

分貝

NC226TT06

Hearing loss

葉佩玟

NC226TT07

inferior colliculus下丘中腦頂蓋

http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?colliculus

col·lic·u·lus (k-lky-ls)

n. pl. col·lic·u·li (-l)

A small elevation above the surrounding parts of a structure.

colliculus

pl. colliculi; a small elevation.

http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/colliculus

尾部隆起,是中腦結構,主導聽覺。

Find neuroanatomical picture

參考資料:http://www.waynesburg.edu/depts/ccink/nerves/inferiorcolliculus.jpg

NC226TT08

lateral lemniscus

外側丘系

由蝸核發出的纖維組成,傳導聽覺。

纖維發射出神經衝動在上橄欖核和下丘之間

lateral《形》 1.外側的.2.側的

lemniscus《名》 繫帶;纖維束,(中樞神經),

Find neuroanatomical picture

NC226TT09

Media geniculate body

內側膝狀體

Find neuroanatomical picture

NC226TT10

primary auditory cortex

初級聽覺皮質,在大腦皮質聽覺區中的第一個處理站,負責音樂知覺的早期階段,例如音高(頻率)與輪廓(音高變化的模式)。初級聽覺皮質會隨經驗而重新定調,對重要的聲音與樂音反應特別靈敏。

參考網址:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_auditory_cortex

NC226TT11

Sensorineural hearing loss

感音性聽力損失

感音性聽力損失者,其外耳及中耳的傳音系統仍然正常,不過由於內耳或聽覺神經的缺損,以致形成聽覺障礙。感音性聽力損失不但使聽得的聲音比常人更覺微弱,且常發生聲音扭曲的現象。

參考資料:http://www.ftps.kh.edu.tw/%AFS%B1%D0/P2/FT46-3.htm

NC226TT12

superior olivary nucleus 上橄欖核

Nucleus in the medullary tegmentum that is the first to receive projections from both cochleae and it play an important role in sound localization.

位於骨髓被蓋核心,是第一個接收雙耳耳蝸投射(投影)的器官,在聲音定位上扮演很重要的角色。

Find neuroanatomical picture

NC226TT13

trapezoid body

Transverse crossing fibers of the blood supply to the brain .

供應血液到大腦的橫向交岔纖維。

Find neuroanatomical picture

Sunday, January 6, 2008

NC208L Chapt.09

NC208L Chapt.9

神解第九章 NC208L01~13

NC208L01

負責人: 9580045 張雅雯

Describe the basic properties of sound and measurement.

敘述聲音的基本屬性、性質以及計量的方式、方法。

詳見課本第208 SOUND, PROPERTIES, AND MEASUREMENTS.

NC208L02

負責人: 9580046 陳俊廷

Discuss the structures of the outer, middle, and inner ear

詳述外耳、中耳、內耳的構造

P209-212

Figure9-29-39-4

NC208L03

負責人: 9580047 王思婷

Discuss the function of outer, meddle, and inner ear

【譯】討論詳述外耳、中耳、內耳的功能。

【內容】NC209~NC214

NC208L04

負責人: 9580048 許舒琇

Describe the physiology of the cochlear mechanism:

描述說明耳蝸生理學上的結構

描述說明耳蝸mechanism的生理學。

課本第211The cochlear consists of three fluid-filled scalae(cavities):the scala vestibule, cala media, and scala tympani. On lengthwise orientation, the scala vestibuleis the uppermost compartment, which follows the inner contour of the conchlear duct and joins the scala tympani at the apex of the cochlea though the helicotrema, a small aperture. The scala tympani lies at the bottom and outer contour of the cochlea. The scala media which ends near the cochlear apex, is between the scala tympani and scala vestibule.

NC208L05

負責人: 9580049 鍾莉婷

Discuss the mechanism for localizing sound source

討論聲音定位的機制。

論述了聲音的定位主要是由雙耳的時間差(到達兩耳的時間不同)和雙耳的強度差(到達兩耳的聲音大小不同)來判定聲音的方向。

《由P220sound source localization可知》

NC208L06

負責人: 9580050 林思妤

Describe the central auditory mechanism.

形容中央聽力的機制

CNS = 中央???

Ans. Pg214~219

NC208L07

負責人: 9580051李志岳

Explain distinctive function characteristics of the auditory system

distinctive function = unique achievement, special property

解釋聽覺系統的特別的功能特性

P219

NC208L08

負責人: 9580052 李柔儀

Discuss clinical symptoms associated with disorders of cranial nerves and nuclei

This means:

Discuss clinical symptoms

What kind of symptoms

Symptoms related to disorder of cranial nerves and

Symptoms related to disorder of nerve nuclei

談論臨床症狀與相關頭蓋骨神經中堅力量混亂

p.310~311

NC208L09

負責人: 9580053常德立

Discuss the effects of cortical and subcortical lesions on hearing

= Discuss how lesions in cortical and subcortical areas effect hearing

討論皮質的作用和在聽力上皮質下的病灶〈病處、傷處〉。

資料在課本的P222P223 figure9-11

NC208L10

負責人: 9580054梁永恆

Differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses.

分辨傳導性與感音性聽力損失。

答案可以在P.221 P.222找得到。

NC208L11

負責人: 9580056 李海琪

Describe the common audi_metric/special hearing tests and discuss their clinical importance

概述普通聽力測定/特別的聽力測驗討論其在臨床上的重要性。

相關資料可在課本p222-224Figure9-11,9-12找到。

NC208L12

負責人: 9580057 吳蝶

Explain the neuronal pathways mediating auditory reflexes

解釋傳達聽覺反射之神經路徑

P219

NC208L13

負責人: 9580062 何宏祥

Discuss the role of the descending auditory pathway

談論向下的聽覺路徑的角色

可在NCPage220中找到答案

向下的聽覺路徑可以在NC220中標題Descending Auditory Projections 內容找到答案,內容大致為:平行於向上投射聽覺腦皮質,向下的聽覺纖毛存在於主要聽覺皮質區到耳蝸的毛細胞間,並用相反方向傳導脈衝,且提供回饋迴路提升察覺的音調及響度。