NC3236郁文

NC3236郁文

NC015F1-07

The cellular layers of the neocortex, the most evolved type of cerebral cortex tissue.

大腦新皮質的各細胞層，大腦皮質組織的最主要發展類型。

NC025Q3

Define the following lexical roots (see Appendix C on the point web site):kinesis, opsis, phagein, plege, prattien, praxis, presby, taxis, tectum

NC027L04

List principal embryonic divisions of the brain and gross anatomic structures related to each division.

列出腦部主要在胚胎時期的區域以及各區域租略的解剖構造

→ NC029F2-02、NC030T2-01

NC059T2-05

Nerve plexus and motor functions

神經叢與運動功能

NC081TT17

hypothalamus 丘腦下部；下視丘

Diencephalic structure, located beneath the thalamus, that secretes hormones and regulates feeding, fighting, and sexual behavior.

為間腦組織，位於丘腦之下，可分泌賀爾蒙與控制進食、戰鬥、性行為等。

補充資料：

圖片http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/anatomy.html

NC106F3-23

Rostral surface of a coronal section through the rostral thalamus, massa intermedia, and subthalamic nucleus.

朝向喙嘴的(特指大腦胼胝體前端向下彎細之處較近喙嘴的)表面的冠狀縫區經過嘴側丘腦、中心質、底丘腦核。

NC114L09

Discuss the critical periods of susceptibility to teratogenesis for the central nervous system and for other related organ systems.

討論對中樞神經系統及其他相關器官系統在畸形發生的敏感性關鍵期。

→ NC126T4-04、NC127T4-05

NC130TT30

neural plate 神經板

Thickened midline plate of neuroectoderm that develops into the neural tube, giving rise to the central nervous system.

神經外胚層的中線板增厚形成神經管，發展成日後的中樞神經系統。

補充資料：

為胚胎時神經管之早期構造

相關神經管發育成神經系統簡介：http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/dev_c.htm

NC131L07

Explain differential regenerative processes between the central and peripheral nervous systems.

說明中樞神經系統與週邊神經系統間再生(恢復)過程的差別。

P.141 Axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system

P.142 Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system

NC151TT30

nerve cell 神經細胞,(同neuron).

Specialized cell of the nervous system that conducts electrical impulses.

專屬神經系統的細胞，可傳導神經衝動。

補充資料：

顯微鏡下的神經細胞http://picasaweb.google.com/gregorytsai/UnderMicroscope/photo#5062255861243553154

NC167F7-03

The three-neuron organization of somatosensory system.

體感覺系統的三神經組織

NC185L10

Relate visual field defects with lesion sites.

連結視覺區缺陷與機能障礙(器官損害)部位。

→ NC203T8-04、NC203F8-14

NC207TT25

rhodopsin 視紫質

Visual purple pigment found in the outer segments of rod cells.

視覺的紫色色素，存在於桿狀細胞外部。

補充資料：

光與視覺(錐狀細胞與明視覺、桿狀細胞與暗視覺) http://www.iali.com.tw/publications/fundamentals/CH3.htm

圖片：桿狀細胞http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~confocal/Gallery/A-P-7_M.JPG

視網膜的解剖構造http://www.eyeok.com.tw/07/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%9A%E5%BA%95%E7%89%87%E5%B1%A4%E6%AC%A1%E2%80%94%E7%B6%B2%E8%86%9C%E7%9A%84%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%E8%88%87%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD.htm

NC226TT12

superior olivary nucleus 上橄欖核

Nucleus in the medullary tegmentum that is the first to receive projections from both cochleae and it play an important role in sound localization.

位於骨髓被蓋核心，是第一個接收雙耳耳蝸投射(投影)的器官，在聲音定位上扮演很重要的角色。

補充資料：

位置圖http://www.hemi-sync.com/store/skin1/images/color3.jpg

NC237Q3

Why do ballet dancers and professional ice skaters not exhibit rotational nystagmus?

NC242T11-01

Ascending and descending spinal pathways

上升與下降的脊柱路徑

NC263F12-03

Somatotopic localization of the sensorimotor functions in the cerebellar cortex of a monkey. The sensorimotor representation of the body is known to be ipsilateral in the anterior lobe and bilateral in the posterior cerebellum.

猴子的小腦皮質區與特定感覺運動功能的局部化。身體感覺的物態化已知是位於小腦前葉的同一側以及左右對稱在後小腦區。

NC288TT02

akinesia 運動不能

Slow initiation, or loss of power of voluntary movements seen in patients with basal ganglia pathology.

一種起始緩慢、或喪失控制隨意運動的能力的症狀，常見於基底神經節(基底核)病變的病人。

補充資料：

基底神經節簡介http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%B8

NC299TT14

Upper motor neurons (UMNs) 上運動神經元

Cell bodies in the motor cortex and their descending axonal processes that synapse on the cranial and spinal motor neurons.

上運動神經元的細胞體主要位於大腦皮質體運動區的錐體細胞，這些細胞的軸突組成下行的錐體束，其中下行至脊髓的纖維稱為皮質脊髓束；沿途陸續離開錐體束，直接或間接止於腦神經運動核的纖維為皮質核束。

補充資料

http://disable.yam.org.tw/resource/life/als/ch07.htm

NC323F15-17

The trigeminal nuclear complex in the brainstem and the divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

腦幹中的三叉神經核複合體與分段的三叉神經。

NC352TT08

diplopia 複視

Pathologic condition of double vision by which a single object is seen as being two objects.

一種將單一物體看成兩物體的病理現象。

補充資料：

複視的原因很多,大抵是眼睛的外眼肌無力或麻痺所引起,而外眼肌是由腦神經所控制,所以腦神經或大腦本身的疾病都可能引起複視。( http://www.tw16.net/monographData.asp?m1No=2&m2No=54&m3No=571&mMo=8102 )

NC373B16-05

Clinical implications of spinal lesions affecting the muscles of respiration

脊柱損壞影響呼吸肌肉的臨床情形

NC378L03

Describe the cortical region supplied by each major artery.

描述皮質部位各個提供血液的主要血管。

→ NC382T17-03

NC398TT08

blood-brain barrier 血腦屏障、腦血管障壁

Physiologic barrier unique to brain arteries that prevents noxious substances in the blood from entering the brain.

大腦與動脈間獨特的生理屏障，可避免血液中的有害物質進入大腦。

補充資料：

簡稱BBB

簡介http://www.ntl.gov.tw/vrs/question_view.asp?id=6711

NC409T19-01

Language features of common types of aphasia

一般類型失語症的語言特色

NC426T20-02

Normal and pathologic structures seen on T1- and T2-weighted MRI studies

T1與T2由磁共振造影所得的正常與病態的組織

NC4957吳蝶

NC4957吳蝶

Arrange the items according to page number. No need to classify into figures and tables etc.

Find relevant websites, pictures, animations, videos on the web, if available.

第六作業~~Neuroscience

NC~TT

NC026TT03 afferent

Afferent /affrnt/ 感覺輸入

adjective

Definition Physiology relating to the conduction of nerve impulses or blood inwards or towards something. The opposite of EFFERENT.

— ORIGIN from Latin afferre ‘bring towards’

NC113TT10 fornix

for•nix [ fáwrniks ] (plural for•ni•ces [ fáwrni seez ]) 穹窿,(弧形體或凹陷),

noun

Definition:arched structure: a structure or fold in the shape of an arch, especially either of two bands of white fibers in the brain

[Late 17th century. <>

NC130TT47 extra embryonic

extraembryonic /ex·tra·em·bry·on·ic/ 胚外的

adj.

Definition Located outside of the embryonic body

external to the embryo proper, as the extraembryonic coelom or extraembryonic membranes.

NC271TT09 dysdiadochokinesia

Main Entry: dys·di·ad·o·cho·ki·ne·sia連續更替運動之能力失常

Variant: or dys·di·ad·o·ko·ki·ne·sia

/"dis-"dI-"ad-&-"kO-kI-'nE-zh(E-)&/

Function: noun

Dys不 失去+diadochokinesia《名》 連續更替運動之能力,(兩種反方向運動之連續變換,例如手掌向上向下之轉換).

Definition: impairment of the ability to make movements exhibiting a rapid change of motion that is caused by cerebellar dysfunction —compare ADIADOKOKINESIS

adiadochokinesia (adi•a•do•cho•ki•ne•sia) [a1diadochokinesia] a dyskinesia<名> 運動困難,運動不良consisting of inability to perform the rapid alternating movements of diadochokinesia. Called also adiadochocinesia, adiadochokinesis, and adiadokokinesia

NC377TT10 catecholaminergic

catecholaminergic (cat·e·chol·am·in·er·gic) (kat”ə-kol-əm”in-ər´jik) 兒茶酚胺活性化

Definition activated by or secreting catecholamine

catecholamine [](cat·e·chol·amine) (kat”ə-kol´ə-mēn)
《名》 兒茶酚胺,(有交感神經類同作用,包括:dopamine,epinephrine,norepinephrine由catechol合成而來catecholamine one of a group of biogenic amines having a sympathomimetic action, the aromatic portion of whose molecule is catechol, and the aliphatic portion an amine; examples are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

NC420TT06 anosognosia

Anosognosia[]《名》 病覺缺失,患者無疾病感

Definition Ignorance of the presence of disease, specifically of paralysis. Most often seen in patients with non-dominant parietal lobe (大腦),頂葉lesions, who deny their hemiparesis []
《名》 輕偏癱,半身輕癱..

Origin: G. A-priv. + nosos, disease, + gnosis, knowledge

NC~L

NC082L05 Recognize important internal anatomic structures of the pons and describe their functions辯認橋腦的重要內部解剖結構和描述他們的作用

P90-96

NC152L05 Describe afferent and efferent projections of major thalamic nuclei描述主要的丘腦核的感覺輸入和傳出的行徑過程

p155~161 table6-1 figure6-3 figure6-4

NC208L12 Explain the neuronal pathways mediating auditory reflexes解釋傳達聽覺反射之神經路徑

P219

NC289L02 Outline the anatomic organization of the primary motor cortex概廓主要的運動皮質解剖結構

P289~291 figure 14-1 figure 14-2中可瞭解

NC353L03 Explain the central neural mechanism that controls the autonomic nervous system解釋自主神經系統的中樞神經機制

p353~360

NC399L04 Discuss the circulatory disorders of cerebrospinal fluid 討論腦脊髓液之循流失調

P402

NC~T

NC035T2-02

NC125T4-03

NC382T17-03

NC~F

NC071F2-47

NC148F5-09

NC202F8-13

NC338F15-26

NC443F20-18

NC~B

NC301B15-01

NC~P

NC182P02

NC236P01

NC258P03

NC~Q

NC113Q5

NC352Q4

NC0202琦喻

NC0202琦喻

Find relevant website, pictures, animations, videos on the web, if available.

Define each entry as outline

NC001LO3 Discucc the relationship between neuroscience and speech-language-hearing pathology討論出神經科學和言語-語言-聽力病理之間的關係

NC026TT06 cerebral cortex—大腦皮質區，"cortex" 這個字在拉丁文中所代表的意思是 "樹皮", 這是因為大腦皮質是由神經細胞所組成厚約僅2～6公釐的組織, 左右半球的皮質區是靠胼胝體互相連接。在大腦中又分為以下幾個區域：

前額葉皮質區Prefrontal Cortex：解決問題, 情緒, 複雜性的思考

運動聯合區Motor Association Cortex：複雜性運動的協調，如：舞蹈

主要運動皮質區Primary Motor Cortex：自主性動作的啟動

主要自體感覺皮質區Primary Somatosensory Cortex：由身體接收觸覺訊息

感官聯合區Sensory Association Area：處理多重的感官訊息

視覺聯合區Visual Association Area：掌管複雜的視覺訊息處理

視覺皮質Visual Cortex：偵測簡單的視覺刺激

韋尼克氏區Wernicke's Area：掌管語言的理解

聽覺聯合區Auditory Association Area：掌管複雜性的聽覺訊息處理

聽覺皮質Auditory Cortex：偵測聲音的質地 (音量, 音質)

布洛卡區Broca's Area：掌管語言的產生與咬字的清晰程度

NC038F2-09 Midsagittal section of the brain with the brainstem structures in place. Important structures of the brainstem are identified in Figure2-11. 腦子的矢狀部分以腦幹結構到位。腦幹的重要結構可在Figure2-11 辨識出來。

NC073T2-09頭蓋骨神經的解剖分類

Anatomic Classification of the Cranial Nerves

Location Cranial Nerves

Prosencephalon(forebrain)

Telencephalon I(olfactory)

Diencephalon II(optic)

Mesencephalon III(oculomotor)

(midbrain) IV(trochlear)

Rhombenecephalon(hindbrain)

Metencephalon(pons) V(trigeminal)

VI(abducens)

VII(facial)

VIII(acoustic；vestibulocochlear)

Myelencephalon IX(glossopharyngeal)

(medulla oblongata) X(vagus)

XI (spinal accessory)

XII(hypoglossal)

NC082LO8Follow the continuation of major anatomic structures and relate them in each sequential section of the brain根據主要解剖組織延續並和大腦每一部分關係

NC130TT50 gametogenesis—有性生殖，又稱為gametogeny，有性生殖是在來自兩方的細胞核融合後再發育成子代的方法，有性生殖的好處在於子代混合了父母雙方的遺傳特性，增加變異性，這點是無性生殖達不到的。

NC113TT13 inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body)—下小腦腳，又稱蠅狀體；蠅狀體屬於下小腦腳的一部份，下小腦腳與腦幹之延腦相連。

NC113Q8 Explain why a hemorrhage in the right caudal medulla involving the corticospinal fibers will cause a left hemiplegia?( 解釋為什麼右邊的尾部骨髓包含皮質脊髓纖維出血會導致左側半身不遂)

答： 因為在尾部骨髓的髓心的部分有錐形纖維的橫穿，經過橫穿之後下降的錐形纖維會往脊柱側向的位置移動，並且行成皮質脊髓纖維束。這個皮質脊髓纖維的橫穿造成大腦一側的運動皮質區控制身體的另一側，所以當右邊的尾部骨髓有皮質脊髓纖維的部分出血會造成左邊的那一側半身不遂。

NC128F4-14 Newborn female with anencephaly. A. Front view showing the large eyes and absence of the cranial vault. B. Dorsal view showing the exposed, poorly formed brain.罹患無腦症的女性新生兒

NC150P03

NC153LO8 Explain thalamic syndrome解釋視丘的綜合徵狀、併發症狀

NC183P04

NC205P01

NC209F9-02Anatomy of the external, middle, and inner compartments of the human ear. 人的耳朵的外在, 中間, 和內在隔間的解剖學。

NC237TT01 cristae—crista的複數和所有格，而crista是脊。

NC259TT01 afferent—傳入，由周邊流向神經系統更為中央區域的神經訊息。

NC271TT12 mossy fibers—苔狀纖維，環繞小腦外皮質一些神經細胞的任何複雜分叉的神經纖維。

NC289LO5 Describe the location of upper motor neurons描述上運動神經元的位置

NC303T15-02頭蓋骨神經的功能成分

Funtional Components of the Cranial Nerves

NC339T15-21脊髓輔助神經的功能描述

Functional Description of the Spinal Accessory Nerve

Classification Nuclei Function

SVE(special visceral) Spinal accessory Controls head position

Efferent)/BE nucleus in C1-C5 by controlling trapezius

(branchial efferent) ventral horns of and sternocleidomastoid

spinal cord muscles

NC353LO6 Describe the anatomic organization of the hypothalamus描述下視丘的解剖組織

NC377TT13 colic—腹痛、絞痛、疝痛，腹部急劇地痙攣痛苦，由胃腸器官造成的一種綜合症狀由嚴重的陣發性痛苦的疾病,通常因為消化道疾病。

NC377Q2 Define the following terms: adipsia, amnesia, aphagia, asphyxia, hippocampus, postganglionic, pregnagionic(定義以下的術語)：

adipsia—渴感缺乏；缺乏乾渴或缺乏慾望喝。

amnesia—記憶缺失、健忘症；一個在資訊記憶被存放在長期記憶的干擾,與短期記憶對比, 出現了全部或部份沒有能力去召回過去經驗。

aphagia—吞嚥不能或是吞嚥困難；拒絕或無能吞下、沒有能力吃。從希臘前綴"a -"的意思是"不" +而"phago"的意思是"吃"所以合併起來是不吃的意思。

asphyxia—窒息、悶死；在一個通風的準則下，氧氣和二氧化碳的交換被減弱或缺失，一種由吸入氧氣不足而造成的情況。

hippocampus—海馬迴；屬於邊緣系統的一部份，負責學習與記憶，在記憶和學習的腦部功能上扮演了極為重要的角色。

postganglionic—節後；末端或在神經元之後。

preganglionic—節前；位於最接近的或是接近神經元之前。

NC420TT09 ataxia—運動失調，肌肉協調的失敗; 肌肉行動不規則性且笨拙，喪失協調。

NC385F17-04 A. Blood circulation to the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere and cerebellum. B. Diagram of the lateral cortical surface marking the territories of three cortical arteries. C. Coronal illustration of the territories of three cortical arteries. ACA, anterior cerebral artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; PCA, posterior cerebral artery. A.血管對大腦半球和後腦的側向表面的循環 B.側向表皮表面的圖標記三表皮動脈領域 C. 三表皮動脈領域頭顱的闡述 ACA,前部大腦動脈; MCA,中部大腦動脈; PCA,後部大腦動脈

NC400F18-01 Lateral view of the ventricles. 心室的側向圖

NC444F20-21 The most common of X-linked inheritance. The unaffected, carrier mother has one faulty gene(X) and one normal gene(x), which are located on the X chromosome. The father has a normal X gene on the X chromosome and a normal Y chromosome. Each male child has the following chances of inheritance from his mother: a 50% risk of inheriting the faulty X gene and thus having the disorder and a 50%chance of inheriting the normal x gene and thus being normal and a noncarrier. Each female child has the following chances of inheriting from her mother: a 50% risk of inheriting one faulty X gene and thus being a normal carrier and a 50% chance of inheriting the normal X gene and thus being a normal noncarrier. 最共同X 連接的繼承。未受影響, 載體母親有一有毛病的gene(X) 和一正常gene(x), 位於X 染色體。父親有一個正常X 基因在X 染色體和一條正常Y 染色體。各個男性孩子從他的母親有以下繼承的機會: 50% 風險繼承有毛病的X 基因和如此有混亂和50%chance 繼承正常x 基因和如此是正常的和no carrier 。各個女性孩子有繼承的以下機會從她的母親: 50% 風險繼承一個有毛病的X 基因和如此是一個正常載體和50% 機會的繼承正常X 基因和如此是法線no carrier 。