NC455G永恆

NC455G梁永恆 9580054

撰寫人：9580054 梁永恆

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Axonal regeneration

Reconstitution of an injured axon. Most prevalent in the peripheral nervous system.

受損軸突的復原。大部分普遍在周圍神經系統之中。

http://www.sapphirebioscience.com/images/wallcharts/Abcam_Axonal_Regeneration_detail.jpg

Babinski reflex

Dorsal flexion of the great toe and fanning of other toes on being stroked on the sole of the foot. Indicating pyramidal tract (upper motor neuron) pathology in adults. Named after French neurologist Joseph Babinski.

敲打腳底大腳趾會蜷曲，其他腳趾會展開。用來指示出成人的椎體(上行運動神經)病變。以法國神經學家之名字Joseph Babinski來命名。

http://academic.scranton.edu/faculty/kosmahle1/courses/pt351/lab351/babinski.htm

Motor Exam: Normal Exam: Lower Extremities - Plantar Reflex

PediNeuroLogic Exam: 3 Month Old: Normal: Reflexes - Plantar Refle...

PediNeuroLogic Exam: Newborn: Normal: Reflexes - Plantar Reflex

Ballism

Violent flinging movements usually involving one side of the body. Associated with a lesion of the subthalamic nucleus.

其中一側身體常有猛烈的揮動行為。與丘腦下核受損有關。

Barany caloric test

Clinically undertaken to evaluate vestibular functioning in cases of inner ear disease using the injection of water of different temperatures into the auditory canal. Cold water produces rotatory nystagmus toward the opposite direction. Whereas warm fluid triggers nystagmus toward the injected (ipsilateral) side.

在臨床上，假如發生內耳病變，則透過注射不同溫度的水進入聽管中，用此種方法來評估其前庭功能。冷水則會使眼球向相反方向產生轉動，然而暖水引起注射方向(身體的同側)的轉動

Basal ganglia

Group of subcortical nuclei (caudate, globus pallidus, and putamen) located within the white matter in each cerebral hemisphere. Important in movement regulation.

皮層下細胞核群(尾核、蒼白球、和晶狀核外殼)存在於每一個大腦半球的白質之中，在協調運動較為重要。

Basal lamina

Basal plate zone of the embryonic neural tube ventral to the sulcus limitans. Ventral gray columns of the spinal cord and motor centers of the brain develop from this region, which is also called the basal plate.

連接溝膜的胚胎神經管腹側的基底版區，脊髓腹側灰質和大腦運動神經中樞是從這區域發出的，這個區域亦可稱作基底版。

Basis pedunculi

Also called pes peduncle or crus cerebri. Includes descending motor fibers in the midbrain on each side.

亦稱為腳莖或大腦腳莖。包括中腦每側的向下運動纖維。

Basis pontis

Basal or inferior region of the pons.

腦橋的基本或次等區域。

Bell palsy

Facial paralysis causing paralysis on one side of the face. Paralyzed muscles are pulled toward unaffected side.

面神經痲痺引起一側面部癱瘓。癱瘓的肌肉會被拉向正常一側。

Betz cells

Large motor (pyramidal) cells located in the primary motor cortex.

存在於主要運動皮質的大運動細胞(椎體)。

Bifurcate

A state of dividing into two branches or divisions.

分成兩束狀態或分割。

Bilaminar embryo

Human embryo in the 2nd week of gestation.

懷孕兩星期的人體胚胎。

Bilateral

Referring to two sides of the body.

指軀體兩側。

Bilateral innervations

Mostly refers to cranial nerve motor nuclei that receive innervations from both motor cortices, where each pyramidal tract provides both ipsilateral (minor) and contralateral (stronger) innervations.

大多數指頭部運動神經核從兩運動皮質接受神經刺激，在這每一個椎體通道提供同側(較弱)及對側(較強)的神經刺激。

Binocular vision

Visual field area simultaneously processed in both eyes.

兩眼同時處理訊息的視覺區域。

Biopsy

Removal of tissue from the living body, usually for microscopic examination.

從生命體中進行組織的移除，通常是用作顯微鏡的觀察。

Biorhythms

Circadian (with a cycle of 24 hr) biologic rhythms regulating body homeostasis such as the sleepwake cycle.

協調生命體體內平衡的生理節奏(約24小時為一毎循環)，例如睡眠清醒的循環。

Bitemporal hemianopia

Loss of temporal visual fields for both eyes.

___顳的視覺區域損失。

Blast

Immature cell.

未成熟細胞。

Blastocyst

Stage in the 1st week of human development.

人類發展的第一個星期。

Blastomere

Cell resulting from cleavage of a fertilized ovum.

受精卵分裂形成的細胞。

[blasto- + G. meros, part]

http://activate.lww.com/semdweb/internetsomd/ASP/1495941.asp

blasto-

prefix

Definition:

bud, germ blastomycosis

[<> blastos "bud, germ, sprout"]

http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861591086

Quick definitions (-mere)

() A combining form meaning part, portion; as, blastomere, epimere.

http://www.onelook.com/?w=-mere

Blind spot

Retinal area, that contains no photoreceptors, located 15° medial to the visual axis and representing the optic nerve (cranial nerve II) fibers exit the retina.

不包括感光體的視網膜區，與視軸呈15度和扮演視神經(第二對腦神經)在視網膜中出口的角色。

Blood

Oxygen-containing fluid that circulates through the heart, arteries, and capillaries.

通過心臟、動脈和毛細血管而循環的含氧液體。

Blood-brain barrier

Physiologic barrier unique to brain arteries that prevents noxious substances in the blood from entering the brain.

大腦動脈獨特的生理性屏障，用來防止血液中有害物質進入大腦。

http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/Ivermectin/images/blood%20brain%20barrier.gif

http://www.stanford.edu/class/humbio103/ParaSites2005/Ivermectin/mechanism%20of%20action.htm

blood-brain barrier

The main function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is to protect the brain from changes in the levels in the blood of ions, amino acids, peptides, and other substances. The barrier is located at the brain blood capillaries, which are unusual in two ways. Firstly, the cells which make up the walls of these vessels (the endothelium) are sealed together at their edges by tight junctions that form a key component of the barrier. These junctions prevent water-soluble substances in the blood from passing between the cells and therefore from freely entering the fluid environment of the brain cells. Secondly, these capillaries are enclosed by the flattened ‘end-feet’ of astrocytic cells (one type of glia), which also act as a partial, active, barrier. Thus the only way for water-soluble substances to cross the BBB is by passing directly through the walls of the cerebral capillaries, and because their cell membranes are made up of a lipid/protein bilayer, they also act as a major part of the BBB.

http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Body/019852403x.blood-brain-barrier.1.jpg

http://www.answers.com/topic/blood-brain-barrier?cat=health