Resources for Communication Problems

Wednesday, July 2, 2008

NC352 15TT01-22侑倫

NC352 15TT01-22侑倫

NC15TT整合 Always mark who did what?

NC352TT01曣晴()

NC352TT02姵妏

atrophy

萎縮症(局部或全身)

肌肉組織逐漸衰弱,包括肌肉纖維直徑的銳減(由於肌肉的萎縮和長期不使用使其變得無力和衰弱)或肌肉纖維的瓦解

相關影片:Spinal Muscular Atrophy - Shira Sitting Up http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=O_2027cG5No

NC352TT03欣玉

Bell palsy 貝爾氏麻痺

貝爾氏麻痺被認為是原因不明或病毒的感染等,使供給顏面神經營養的血管中之血流惡化,導致顏面神經功能失調而引起麻痺。大部份的顏面神經麻痺都是屬於這類麻痺。

參考資料:http://www.hongkongphysio.com/topics/ortho/topics_facial_nerve_palsy.htm#no1

NC352TT04 who?

branchial arch

鰓弓()

五對拱形的胚胎結構發展成咽、喉及面部肌肉,在較下等的脊椎動物,殘存的足弓則形成肌肉的特化功能。如人類的發聲、發音及吞嚥。

branchial《形》 鰓的;似魚鰓的,().

arch《名》 ;弧形,(arcus).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branchial_arch

http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=1507082104867

NC352TT05

Ciliary muscle:睫狀肌

位於鞏膜與水晶體懸韌帶之間的眼內肌,由縱行及環行的肌纖維組成,用以改變水晶體的形狀,使眼能看清遠處。

參考資料:http://blog.libertytimes.com.tw/gallery/253/253-4239.jpg

NC352TT06 筱柔

cranial nerves

腦神經,屬於周圍神經系統,是直接由腦發出的神經,共有12對。其中十對分佈於頭面部。

*cranial 頭顱的

參考網址

參考網址

NC352TT07 婷婷

cutaneous 侵犯皮膚的

(一)股外側皮神經lateral femoral cutaneous nerve發自腰叢,于髂前上棘內側穿腹股溝韌帶的外側份的深面,繼經縫匠股的深面,于髂前上棘的下方34釐米處穿出深筋膜,分布于股外側部及臀外側下部的一小部分皮膚。

  (二)股中間皮神經intermediate femoral cutaneous nerve發自股神經,常為二支,于大腿前面中線的上、中13交界處穿出深筋膜下行,分布于股前部皮膚。

  (三)股內側皮神經medial femoral cutaneous nerve發自股神經,常為二支,于大腿內側中13交界處穿出深筋膜,分布于股內側下部的皮膚。

  (四)閉孔神經皮支cutaneous branch of obturator nerve發自閉孔神經,于股內側部的上中1""3交界處穿出股部深筋膜,分布于股內側上、中部的皮膚。

   此外尚有腰叢發出的兩小支即髂腹股溝神經和生殖股神經的股支,前者分布于外陰部與腹部交界處,後者分布于股三角區皮膚。

NC352TT08黃郁文

diplopia 複視

Pathologic condition of double vision by which a single object is seen as being two objects.

一種將單一物體看成兩物體的病理現象。

補充:複視的原因很多,大抵是眼睛的外眼肌無力或麻痺所引起,而外眼肌是由腦神經所控制,所以腦神經或大腦本身的疾病都可能引起複視。(http://www.tw16.net/monographData.asp?m1No=2&m2No=54&m3No=571&mMo=8102)

NC352TT09

Technical Terms

flaccid

Weakened muscle with less than normal tone. A lower motor neuron symptom .

一種較低的運動神經元症狀,肌肉比正常的還要衰弱。

NC352TT10

hypotonia

肌張力過低症:肌肉張力降低,減少對被動活動的抵抗。

NC352TT11

Iris 虹膜

用來調節瞳孔大小的有色收縮纖維。

補充:

虹膜為一個圓形薄膜,懸在房水之中,位於月膜後的海綿組織內。虹膜內含色素細胞(此為控制瞳孔顏色的要素)、肌纖維、血管和神經。虹膜正中央圓心處,為瞳孔的所在。當光線經角膜而進入瞳孔後,虹膜就依光量的大小進行調節。

( http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/?qid=1205081800890 )

NC352TT12黃宏舜()

NC352TT13

lower motor neuron

motor neurona nerve cell in the spinal cord, rhombencephalon, or mesencephalon characterized by having an axon that leaves the central nervous system to establish a functional connection with an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue; somatic motor neurons directly synapse with striated muscle fibers by motor endplates; visceral motor neurons or autonomic motor neurons (preganglionic m. neurons), by contrast, innervate smooth muscle fibers or glands only by the intermediary of a second, peripheral, neuron (postganglionic m. neuron) located in an autonomic, or visceral motor, ganglion.是指在脊髓,菱腦或者以有突觸為特點的中腦裡的一個神經細胞交給中樞神經系統建立功能的與效應物(肌肉或者腺)組織的聯繫直接的體壁的運動神經元端板的有橫紋肌肉纖維的突觸

lower motor neuronclinical term used to indicate the final motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles; distinguished from upper motor neurons of the motor cortex that contribute to the corticospinal tract.臨床過去常常指示最後的運動神經元及其神經分部輪廓的肌肉從有助於腦緹直與脊髓間動神經元區分。

motor neuron疾病介紹的影片http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=YRA8Wjtbkv0

NC352TT14雅雯

Neuralgia

神經痛。其痛是沿著神經擴展。

解釋

經痛分為『典型的神經痛』與『非典型的神經痛』。典型的神經痛又分為『特發性神經痛』與『症候性神經痛』。

『非典型的神經痛』的疼痛,原因在於血管系統與自律神經系統。頭部或身體的一半疼痛,比起典型神經痛而言,在更深的部分感覺疼痛。此外,會持續好幾小時的抽痛,並沒有明確的板機點(特定的皮膚或黏膜刺激會產生疼痛的部分。如神經從顱骨往外伸出經過骨孔的部分,或是神經通過肌膜的部分、神經分為兩條時的部分、神經從深層到達表面時的部分等,都是關鍵的板機點)此外,還有掌管頭的皮膚或口內、牙齒感覺的三叉神經,所引起的三叉神經痛。臉和額部疼痛,尤其眼睛上方等受到單側三叉神經支配的領域會產生刺痛感。『三叉神經痛』在神經痛中是最常見的一種,大部分在四歲以後出現。此外,女性病患的比例為男性的兩倍。好像被針刺似的突發性的疼痛,但是不超過一分鐘,疼痛會間歇性的出現。

典型的神經痛之一就是『特發性神精痛』,原因不明。據說和神經的發炎症狀或營養障礙等有關。特發性神經痛還包括了枕神經痛而造成的頭痛,也就是枕部和頭皮疼痛。枕神經痛的原因包括寒冷刺激、頸椎變形或亞脫臼等。此外,還有原因不明的疾病。會因為咳嗽或打噴嚏等誘發疼痛。發作性的劇痛頻頻出現,因此會被誤以為是蛛網膜下出血或腦中風等危險的腦部疾病而就醫。『症候性神經痛(續發性神經痛)』的原因包括,發炎症狀、腫瘤、骨的疾病、外傷等疾病而發症的神經痛。比起特發性神經痛而言,疼痛範圍較廣,而且會持續產生灼痛。大多沒有明確的板機點。

相關網頁

坐骨神經痛

三叉神經痛

NC352TT15陳俊廷()

Ophthalmoplegia 眼肌癱瘓;眼肌麻痺

Paralysis of the extrinsic or intrinsic eye muscles.

外在或內部的動眼肌癱瘓。

NC352TT16王思婷

Paralysis

【譯】麻痺;癱瘓

NC352TT17

Postganglionic neuron:節後神經元,

在自主神經系統的神經系統, 纖維從神經節對動作器器官叫做postganglionic 纖維,在副交感神經的分裂, 他們是糞膽鹼(那是他們使用acetylcholine 作為他們的神經傳送體。) 在有同情心的分裂, 多數是腎上腺素能的(那是他們使用降腎上腺素作為他們的神經傳送體。) 這的一例外是汗水封墊的有同情心的激動, 使用acetylcholine 作為神經傳送體在兩個前和崗位神經節的突觸。

NC352TT18

preganglionic neuron

前神經元。

在脊椎和腦幹處的自主神經系統神經元有細胞體,且突出到第二神經節

NC352TT19

Somatic 細胞體的

NC352TT20

Strabismus

A condition in which the visual axes of the eyes are not parallel and the eyes appear to be looking in different directions. In divergent strabismus, or exotropia, the visual axes diverge. If the visual axes converge, it is called convergent strabismus or esotropia. The danger with strabismus is that the brain cones may come to rely more on one eye than the other and that part of the brain circuitry connected to the less-favored eye fails to develop properly, leading to amblyopia (blindness) in that eye.

The classic treatment for mild-to-moderate strabismus has long been an eyepatch, covering the stronger eye with a patch, forcing the weaker eye to do enough work to catch up. However, eyedrops can work as well as an eyepatch in correcting moderate lazy eye and preventing the development of amblyopia (blindness). Atropine eyedrops are instilled daily in the stronger (dominant) eye. The atropine works by blurring rather than blocking vision in the stronger eye.

Severe strabismus may require surgery. The surgery is designed to increase or decrease the tension of the small muscles outside the eye. (These muscles are called the extraocular eye muscles. The six extraocular eye muscles move the eye in all directions.) When strabismus surgery is needed, the sooner it is done, the better the chance of the child achieving normal binocular vision.

Adults sometimes also need strabismus surgery. This can be done in a standard manner, as in children. Or adjustable suture surgery may be done because scarring from old eye surgery, inflammation from eye muscle disease, or neurological eye weakness makes it difficult to gauge how much tension to take up or let out to straighten the eyes. With adjustable suture surgery, it is possible to adjust the tension of the muscles after the surgery.

Strabismus is also called cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation and squint. The term "strabismus" comes from the Greek "strabismos" = a squinting.

所謂斜視即兩眼視軸不平行無法注視同一目標者,可以稱之為斜視。依據統計,約百分之四的兒童患有斜視,這當然包括先天性斜視及後天性斜視。要瞭解斜視,首先要瞭解眼球之運動。它是由六條外眼肌來負責,包括內、外直肌,上、下直肌與上、下斜肌。此六條肌肉負責眼球之上下、左右及傾斜運動,能準確的把兩個眼球轉至同一方向而注視同一目標。這種看起來簡單的動作,其實需要六條肌肉的密切合作,方能達到。當這些眼肌發生問題,而無法一致或平行時,就會使眼球受到障礙,而產生斜視。

斜視是外眼肌不平行而引起,而外眼肌受大腦支配,故一般相信大腦與斜視之發生有密切關連,例如腦性麻痺、水腦等,時會引起斜視。另外白內障、角膜混濁等可導致模楜,亦可能引起斜視,但真正原因目前仍不清楚。斜視似乎有家族性,至於男女之比例,無明確的差異。斜視可依其偏斜方向不同而分為內斜視、外斜視、上斜視、下斜視。其中以內斜視最為普遍。

NC352TT21

tremor戰慄;激動,興奮

字義: is an unintentional, somewhat rhythmic, muscle movement involving to-and-fro movements (oscillations) of one or more parts of the body. It is the most common of all involuntary movements and can affect the hands, arms, head, face, vocal cords, trunk, and legs. Most tremors occur in the hands. In some people, tremor is a symptom of another neurological disorder. The most common form of tremor, however, occurs in otherwise healthy people. Although tremor is not life-threatening, it can be embarrassing to some people and make it harder to perform daily tasks.

出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor

NC352TT22常德立

Visceral muscles

臟腑肌-肌肉〈包括骨骼的橫紋肌,內臟器官的平滑肌和心肌三種〉來自於心臟,在管道、消化藥、慢性呼吸疾病、泌尿生殖器、內分泌和語言系統,那些是屬於自主性的控制。

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