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CA106-108R6.4
撰寫人：2932祖君
CA106R01
Anterior pituitary腦下垂體前葉
The anterior portion of the pituitary; it releases tropic hormones in response to hypothalamic releasing hormones.
腦下垂體的前面部份，釋放”熱帶”荷爾蒙，使視丘下部釋放荷爾蒙
參考資料：http://www.biology.arizona.edu/Human_Bio/problem_sets/Human_Reproduction/graphics/pituitary04.gif
CA106R02
Cerebellar peduncles小腦柄
Three large pairs of tracts(inferior, middle, and superior) that connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain stem.
三大部分管徑(下、中、上)連接小腦，支撐在腦幹上
參考資料：http://anatomy.uams.edu/anatomyhtml/atlas_html/n2a7p4.html
CA106R03
Cerebellum小腦
The large striped metencephalic structure that is situated just dorsal to the pons; it plays a role in the coordination of movement.
後腦結構的一個有條紋構造，位於橋腦的背側，它在動作的協調佔很重要的角色
參考資料：http://www.medicalook.com/print.html?id=org_127
CA106R04
Hypothalamus下視丘
The diencephalic structure that is located just beneath the anterior thalamus; the pituitary gland is suspended from it.
位於前視丘的下部間腦構造，腦垂體腺懸掛在上面
參考資料：http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19239.jpg
CA106R05
Inferior colliculi下丘
The more posterior of the two pairs of nuclei that constitute the mammalian tectum; they play a role in audition.
成對的中心核後方，構成哺乳動物頂蓋，它們在聽力上扮演重要的角色
參考資料：http://www.theodora.com/anatomy/images/image711.gif
CA106R06
Internal lamina內層
The layers of white matter in each lobe of the thalamus.
白質內層，在每一個丘腦腦葉裡
撰寫人：3439穎萱
CA106R07
Lateral geniculate nuclei 外側膝狀體核
The thalamic nuclei that relay visual information to the cerebral cortex.
將視覺得訊號傳到腦皮質的丘腦核
【相關網頁】 視訊傳導的途徑
CA106R08
Mammillary bodies 乳頭狀體
The pair of hypothalamic nuclei, one on the left and one on the right, that are part of a system that plays an important role in emotion; they are visible on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus as a pair of bumps just behind the pituitary.
一對下視丘核，一個在左邊，一個在右邊，系統中的一部分在情緒方面佔有很重要的角色；他們很明顯的在下視丘的下表面，像是兩個突起物，正位於腦下垂體的後面。
【相關網頁】 維基百科－Mammillary body
CA106R09
Medial geniculate nuclei 內側膝狀體核
The thalamic nuclei that relay auditory information to the cerebral cortex.
將聲音的訊號傳到腦皮質的丘腦核。
【相關網頁】 下丘、大腦解剖、聽覺途徑及聽覺中樞路徑
CA106R10
Medulla 髓質、延腦
The most posterior region of the brain stem; the myelencephalon; its major structure include the pyramids, olives, medullary reticular formation, and the nuclei that contribute axons to cranial nerves 9, 10, 11, and 12.
在腦幹最後面的部分，髓腦，其主要結構包含錐狀體、橄欖核、骨髓腔網狀結構和細胞核，供給軸突到第九、十、十一、十二對腦神經。
【相關網頁】 神經解剖－神經系統的組成、基本解剖結構
CA106R11
Olives 橄欖核
The pair of large oliveshaded clusters of nuclei that are visible as bulges on the lateral surfaces of the medulla, one on each side; they are connected to the cerebellum by the inferior peduncles.
一對大的橄欖狀束的神經核，在丘腦側面有很明顯的突出部分，一邊一個，經由下小腳將他們連結到小腦。
【相關網頁】 Olivary body
CA106R12
Paraventricular nuclei 腦室旁核
One of the two pairs of hypothalamic nuclei that contain neurons whose axons terminate in the posterior pituitary; this pair is located on the dorsal surface of the hypothalamus on each side of the third ventricle.
兩對下視丘核的其中之一，包含在後腦下垂體有軸突中端的神經元，這對下視丘核位於下視丘的背側，在第三腦室的兩邊。
【相關網頁】 Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
CA107R13
Periaqueductal gray 導水管周圍灰質
The tegmental gray matter that is located around the cerebral aqueduct; it plays a role in the suppression of pain and in defensive behavior.
頭蓋灰質位於小腦導管的附近，作為疼痛的抑制和防禦的行為上的角色。
【相關網頁】 維基百科－中腦導水管周圍灰質、小小神經科學－疼痛與受傷的原因
CA107R14
Pituitary stalk 腦垂體柄、腦下腺柄
The stalk from which the anterior and posterior pituitary are suspended from the typothalamus.
來自於前後的腦下垂體的小腳，被懸吊於下視丘。
【相關網頁】 pituitary stalk
CA107R15
Pons 橋腦
The ventral portion of the metencephalon; its major structures include the fourth ventricle, the metencephalic portion of the reticular formation, many ascending and descending tracts, and the nuclei that contribute axons to cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, and 8.
後腦的內部部分，它的內部結構包含了第四腦室、網狀結構的後腦部分、上行和下行路徑和神經細胞核，提供軸突連接到第五、六、七、八對腦神經。
【相關網頁】 維基百科－Pons
CA107R16
Posterior pituitary 腦下垂體後葉
The posterior portion of the pituitary; it releases vasopression from neuron terminals that have their cell bodies in the hypothalamus.
腦下垂體後面的部分，從神經末端釋放加壓素，在下視丘有它們的細胞體。
【相關網頁】 內分泌．腺體
3845雅雯
CA106-108R6.4
CA107R17
Pyramids 錐體
Two large bulges, one left and one right , on the ventral surface of the medulla; they contain the pyramidal tracts, which carry signals for voluntary movement from the cerebral hemispheres to motor circuits of thee spinal cord.
兩個大突起，一個在左一個在右，位於中腦的複測表面。他們包含了錐體徑—攜帶從大腦半球到脊髓運動細胞的自體運動訊號。
相關查詢
錐狀體由大腦而來之神經纖維,經過脊髓至前角運動細胞
CA107R18
Red nuclei紅核
A pair of tegmental nuclei, one on the left and one on their right; they have a pinkish appearance and are important structures of the sensorimotor system.
一對被蓋核體，一個在左一個在右，粉紅色的外觀並且是感覺運動系統的重要組織。
相關查詢
紅核在中腦,接受大腦皮質運動區及對側小腦之訊息
CA107R19
Preoptic area 視神經交叉區域
The most anterior area of the hypothalamus, which is composed on each side of the brain of lateral and medial preoptic areas; it plays a role in sexual behavior.
下視丘最前側區塊，由各面側向和中間視神經交叉腦部區域組成，控制性行為。
CA107R20
Reticular formation網狀構造組織
A complex network of nuclei and short interconnecting tracts that is located in the core of the brain stem, from the medulla to the midbrain; its various nuclei play a role in controlling numerous vital body functions and in the promotion of arousal, attention, and sleep.
一個位於腦幹核心，從髓腦到中腦，複雜的神經核網狀系統和短的內部連結束。各式各樣的神經核扮演著控制眾多必要的身體功能和覺醒、注意、睡眠促進的角色。
相關查詢
腦幹是連接大腦與脊椎神經之中間組織，包括橋腦、中腦與延髓。
相關聯結
CA107R21
Substantia nigra黑質
A pair of tegmental sensorimotor nuclei, one on the left and one on the right; they are so named because many of their neurons contains a dark pigment.
一對被蓋感覺運動神經核，一個在左邊一個在右邊，之所以命名是因為它們很多的神經元包含暗色的色素。
相關查詢
大腦黑質（Substantia nigra）區的神經細胞軸突會延伸至紋狀體（Striatum），並由神經末梢釋放出多巴胺，多巴胺會引發紋狀體中的神經興奮，並使神經細胞繼續釋放多巴胺給下一個神經細胞，藉著神經纖維將協調人體動作的訊息傳到大腦皮質的運動中樞。
正常黑質組織內約含四十萬個多巴胺神經細胞，由於這些神經細胞含有黑色色素，裸視下這群神經細胞所在的區域呈現黑色，故稱之為黑質組織。黑質組織並非於胚胎發育時就已產生，而是於胚胎第4至5週時，中腦腹側的神經細胞才開始分化為多巴胺神經細胞，並漸漸伸出神經軸突，向距離約
相關聯結
圖片2帕金森氏症和正常人比較
CA107R22
Superior coolliculi 上丘
The motor anterior of the two pairs of nuclei that constitute the mammalian tectum; they play a role in vision.
運動前側兩對神經核，構成哺乳動物的頂蓋。在視覺功能上扮演角色。
相關查詢
上視丘系統是人體腦內視覺反應中樞，它決定頭腦與眼睛的轉向以回應視覺與聽覺的刺激。在嬰兒時期，上視丘協助嬰兒將外在方向與內部視覺參考點產生關聯性，例如將母親嚅動的嘴唇與其聲音相鏡射，所以動作與聲音產生了關聯性。
相關聯結
CA107R23
Suprachiasmatic nuclei下視丘視叉上核
The pair of hypothalamic nuclei, one on the left and one on the right, that play a role in the timing of 24-hour biological rhythms; they are located just dorsal to the optic chiasm.
一對下視丘的神經核，一個在左一個在右，控制24小時的生理節律功能，剛好位於視神經交叉束背側。
相關查詢
下視丘的視叉上核(suprachiasmatic nucleus; SCN)是哺乳動物調控代謝、生理、行為等生物週期最主要的區域。SCN細胞不論是在分離狀態、在腦切片裏、或在活體內，其動作電位發射頻率都有晝夜不同的週期性變化，說明SCN確是哺乳動物的生物時鐘。
相關連結
CA107R24
Supraoptic nuclei上視神經交叉核
One of the two pairs of hypothalamic nuclei that contain neurons whose axons terminate in the posterior pituitary; this pair is located above the optic chiasm, just posterior to the Suprachiasmatic nuclei.
兩對下視丘神經核之一，包含神經單位，所屬軸突終端在腦下垂體後側。這一對神經核位於神經交叉束上面，剛好在視叉上核背面。
相關查詢
在視丘下部，視神經交叉之上，對腦垂體後葉分泌抗利尿素有關。
抗利尿激素（ADH），也稱血管加壓素（vasopressin），主要在下視丘 （hypothalamus）之視上核（supraoptic nucleus）形成，經神經軸突運送至腦下腺後葉（posterior pituitary）貯存，其在體內水份恆定的維持上扮演重要的角色
CA108R25
Thalamus視丘
The two-lobed diencephalic structure at the top of the brain stem, one lobe on each side of the third ventricle; several of its nuclei relay sensory information to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex.
兩葉diencephalic組織，在腦幹最上端。一葉在第三腦室各邊，數個神經核傳遞感覺訊息到大腦皮質適當部位。
相關查詢
視丘，為丘腦(thalamus、metathalamus、epithalamus)之一部分，構成第三腦室側壁，在上視丘與下視丘之間，為感覺系統與大腦皮質之連接站。
視丘接受接受知覺訊息並將之傳送給大腦皮質。大腦皮質也會將訊息傳送至視丘並由此發送至其他腦部區域和脊髓。
相關聯結
CA108R26
Ventral posterior nuclei
The thalamic nuclei that relay tactual information to the cerebral cortex.
視丘神經核傳遞觸覺的訊息到大腦皮質。
相關聯結
CA108R27
Ventromedial nuclei
The pair of hypothalamic nuclei, one on the left and one on the right, that plays a role in regulating the conversion of blood glucose to body fat; they are located near the midline in the ventral part of the hypothalamus.
一對下視丘神經核，一個在左一個在右。調節血液葡萄糖轉換成體脂肪的功能，靠近下視丘腹側部分中線。
相關聯結
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