LBT315-318祖君

LBT315-318祖君

It is exactly the opposite of what we might expect from at least one theoretical point of view. If the development of speech were the consequence of the child’s hearing, his own utterances, and noticing the similarities between his own and his parent’s sounds, and if the pleasure in speaking derived from his ability to reproduce, for example, his mother’s sounds, then his first “aim” should be to replicate as a accurately as possible the mature sounds he hears. The mental defect should be no obstacle here, or perhaps even an advantage much the way talking birds say sentences without the benefit of a human mentality.

我們的預期中至少一項理論以上的觀點，是相對的。如果學說的發展是由於孩子的聽力、他自己的語調及注意父母與自己聲音的相似處，且對於自己反覆的說話能力感到愉悅。例如，他的母親發出聲音，然後他的第一個 ”目標” 便是重覆相同的音，並且儘可能準確純熟的發出他所聽到的聲音。心智上的缺陷不會有妨礙，甚至可能會成為他的優勢，好比有些鳥雖然會說話，但是他們卻不向人一樣是用心智來說話的。

The poor articulation of the mongoloid child may actually be related to a lack of motivation. Usually these children can articulate better than they do, but apparently exact acoustic rendering of utterance is not important to them. The children in our mongoloid sample words in which the most common phonemes of English were embedded in vocalic or consonantal surroundings for consonants and vowels respectively. The child was asked to repeat one word at a time. The performance of a selected sample of children (N = 25) on this articulation test was compared with their articulation of spontaneously produced words and phrases. The analysis was performed by two linguistics. * In all cases studied, performance on the test was considerably better than during spontaneous speech, thus demonstrating that the child is organically capable of accurate articulation.

唐氏症孩子的構音缺失通常關係到他的動作上的缺損，這些孩子通常可以構音的更好，但是顯然精確的發音表現對他們而言，是不重要的。唐氏症的孩子，在我們普遍的英文文字因素樣本中的表現，。孩子們被要求重複一個字一次，其中樣本中的孩子(N = 25)，在構音測驗中的表現是可以與自發性的字詞片語相比的。這個分析是由兩種語言而來。*在所有的個案研究中，測驗的表現是比自發性的言語表現好的，因此這證明了這些孩子是有正確發音的組織能力。

An expedient way for testing understanding is to have subjects repeat sentences. Most of us have attempted at one time or another to repeat something in a totally foreign language. In the absence of understanding, even the reproduction of a single word may be difficult, whereas short sentences are an impossibility.

Consider the following transcribed attempts at sentence reception. This is a twelve-year-old mongoloid girl whose language development is comparable to that of a normal two-and-a-half year old.

瞭解測驗最恰當的方式，就是試著重複句子。大部分的人一度嚐試過，而其他人則將用另外一種語言重複。在缺乏認知的情況下，即使是一個字的複製也可能感到困難，而短短的句子也就更不可能了。

企圖考慮下面謄寫重複的句子。這是一個12歲的唐氏症女孩，他的語言發展可以跟一個正常的兩歲半孩子相比。

*Jacqueline Wei Mintz and Peter Rosenbaum. Throughout the observation period the child wore a condenser microphone in a bib around his chest. Recording equipment was of high fidelity. The examination room was sound proofed.

* Jacqueline Wei Mintz 和Peter Rosenbaum, 在觀察的期間，孩子穿著胸部的圍裙，上頭戴著電容器麥克風，儀器記錄為最高準確度。檢查室為隔音的空間。

範例句子 唐氏症孩子的重複

(1) Johnny是個好男孩 Johnny是個好男孩

(2) Johnny是個好男孩 Johnny是個男孩

(3) 他有兩隻狗 他有兩隻狗

(4) 他帶牠們去散步 他帶牠們去散步

(5) 他帶牠們去散步 他帶牠們去散步

(6) Lassie不喜歡水 他不喜歡水

(7) Lassie不喜歡水 Lassie不喜歡水

(8) 那Johnny想要一隻貓嗎? Johnny想要貓嗎?(問題以音調模 式標記)

(9) “假裝你正在問你媽媽”

Johnny想要一隻貓嗎? Johnny想要一隻貓，媽媽?

(10) 那隻貓被狗追 被狗追

(11) 那隻貓被狗追 貓追狗

(12) Johnny餵那隻狗 被Johnny餵

(13) “告訴我，Johnny餵誰?” 那隻狗

(14) “非常好；那麼說： 狗被Johnny餵

Johnny餵那隻狗”

The first nine sentences seem to have been essentially understood, but in all sentences except three the repeated sentence is slightly different from the model sentence. The alterations in several instances are not grammatical English, so that the child could not have heard them before. This patient is still deficient in some of the more refined rules of English, but the basic sentence type is present. The “do-constructions” are understood but the rules do not function well enough yet to enable this patient to apply them to sentence. Consequently, sentences (6), (8), and (9) are changed back into grammatically simpler but incorrect forms. Sentence (7) is the only attempt, only partially successful, to use the “dose-not-form.” The passive construction in sentences (10) to (14) is not well understood, although question (13) is answered correctly. However, all attempts at reception of the sentences are failures.

九分之ㄧ的句子似乎本來是已經了解的，但是其中三項重複語句與範例句子有些不同。有些句子的改變並不符合英文的文法，所以表示孩子之前並沒有聽過這樣的說法。這位患者仍然缺乏一些更精確的英文規則，但可表現基本的句子形式。了解”do結構”，但這些規則無法好好運用，以至於不能使患者運用在句子上。結果，句子(6)，(8)和(9)的文法被轉換為簡單但是錯誤的文法形式。句子(7)則只有嘗試，只有部分成功，使用”does-not形式”。句子(10)中的被動形式並沒有很了解，雖然句子(13)的回答是正確的。然而，所有的句子重複嘗試是失敗的。

In sentences (10) and (12) reception is attempted by apparently taking recourse to a different strategy. Instead of trying to understand the meaning of the sentence and to reproduce the sentence in its essentials. the meaning of the sentence is ignored entirely and repetition is attempted as in a rote memory task. When we are asked to repeat a string of random digits, we are only able to repeat the last ones, and the number of digits remembered is a function of memory span. When grammatical connections between words is not understood, the subject behaves as if a string of randomly concatenated words had been presented. This blind repetition may be called parroting.

在句子(10)和(12)中的重複，明顯的使用不同的策略嘗試。並非試著了解句子的意義或複製句子中的要點，句子的意義是完全被忽略，而且重複是企圖背誦記憶的工作。當我們被要求重複一串隨機的數字，我們可能只能重複後面幾個，數字順序的背誦是記憶的的架設運用。不了解文字間的文法連結的時候，主語行為就像一連串隨機顯現的連鎖字。這樣盲目的重複就稱為”鸚鵡式訪說”。

In our study of language-understanding among the mongoloid, we were interested to know at what stage of development a child would take recourse to parroting. A child was said to be simply parroting if he only repeated the last word or words of the sentence spoken to him instead of picking out some functionally important words such as the subject-noun and the verb. We classified the responses of a selected group of children (N = 25) into: (1) correct repetitions of the original sentence; (2) sentences that are grammatically correct but different from the original; (3) recognizable sentences that are grammatically incorrect; (4) two-word phrases that are not parroting; and (5) parroting. This subsample of our patients was divided into five groups according to their grammatical ability. Figure 7.11 shows the result. Parroting dose not seem to be the way to begin language. This was also clearly brought out in a recent study by Ervin (1964). Parroting is resorted to when the grammar of the original sentence is simply not understood. It is comparable to a panic-response elicited by the pressure of the examiner to get the subject to “try his best.”

在我們的唐氏症語言認知研究中，我們很想知道孩子的哪一個發展階段會依賴鸚鵡式仿說。一個孩子會被說是單純的鸚鵡式仿說，如果他只有重複最後一個字，或是句中的字詞而非選出一些功能上重要的字，像是主要名詞和動詞。我們將選出的群組孩子(N = 25)的反應分類為：(1)原始句子的正確複製；(2)文法正確但與原始句子不同的句子；(3)不合文法的可辨識句子；(4)非鸚鵡式仿說的雙字詞；(5)鸚鵡式仿說。下面這些我們患者的樣本根據他們的文法能力被分為五組，圖7.11顯示出結果。鸚鵡式仿說並非開始學習語言的方法，這清楚的在最近Ervin(1964)的研究中可以看出來。鸚鵡式仿說是指原始句子的文法並無被了解的重複，它可以說是引發壓迫測試者將測驗做到最好的”驚慌反應。

FIG.7.11 Distribution of “parroting responses” with respect to stages of development in 25 mongoloid children.

FIG.7.11. 圖為25個預期發展不同的唐氏症小孩的”鸚鵡式仿說”分部區域。

表格7.8轉變連接詞結構和潛在句子的關係

潛在句子 完成下列成操作 結果：

初始形式 最終形式

Peter喜歡小餅乾 在此句中加上連接詞and peter喜歡小餅乾

Peter喜歡紅色棒棒糖 刪除第一個句子中有重 和紅色棒棒糖

複到的字詞。

加上最初的形式 Peter喜歡小餅乾和

紅色棒棒糖

Peter想要那東西 加上連接詞and so Peter wants one and so.

Johnny想要那東西 將句子轉為強調形式 Johnny does want one.

刪除第二句中與第一句 Johnny dose

字詞最初形式的重複的字詞

將主語換位，保留述語 dose Johnny

將最初形式的後面加上前者 Peter wants one and

so does Johnny.

*近來已顯現此句子形式可用更簡單的方式敘述，更加強化兩範例間的不同結構點