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NC271TT Chapt.12
Mark who did which!
For each entry, find Chinese translation of the term, check etymology, find relevant websites, pictures, animations, or video on the web, if available
第12章TT
NC271TT01 archicerebellum
You are explaining anatomy, not archicerebellum
解剖學，是涉及生命體的結構和組織的生物學分支學科；可以分為動物解剖學和植物解剖學。解剖學的主要分支是比較解剖學、組織學和人體解剖學。在解剖學研究中，研究大體器官常利用剖割的方法；組織、細胞、胞器的觀察則會利用顯微鏡。
NC271TT02 asthenia
肌肉衰弱無力，小腦的官能不良導致肌肉衰弱無力。
NC271TT03 asynergia
協同不能
NC271TT04 ataxia
Wobbliness. Incoordination and unsteadiness due to the brain's failure to regulate the body's posture and regulate the strength and direction of limb movements. Ataxia is usually a consequence of disease in the brain, specifically in the cerebellum which lies beneath the back part of the cerebrum.
運動失調，此字源自希臘文（ataxis）意為【無秩序】或【不協調】，有時【運動失調】是用來描述由於中樞神經系統受到感染，外傷或退化性疾病的影響而產生的症狀。分為遺傳性和散發性兩種。
NC271TT05 climbing fibers
攀緣纖維
圖片 http://probes.invitrogen.com/handbook/images/g001266.gif
原始網站：http://probes.invitrogen.com/handbook/figures/0662.html
NC271TT06 deep cerebellar nuclei
深奧的小腦核心-在小腦記憶中內部的骨髓腔區包含齒狀的、栓的形狀、球形和核的最高處。
NC271TT07 dysdiadochokinesia
在治療階段時，不能作出迅速的運動，而且不能修正運動。
NC271TT08dysarthria
發音不良、發音困難(由神經肌肉障礙所致).
是由於中樞神經系統而造成的發音困難。一個人健康出了問題，聲音亦亮不起來，甚至因發音困難而引起擠壓喉嚨的情形，這樣子很容易導致呼吸系統和共鳴器官發生病變。
Etymology: New Latin, from dys- + arthr- + -ia
Meaning: difficulty in articulating words due to disease of the central nervous system.Dysarthria is a motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury, characterised by poor articulation (cf aphasia: disorder of the content of speech). Any of the speech subsystems (respiration, phonation, resonance, prosody, articulation and movements of jaw and tongue) can be affected.
Disarthic speech is due to some disorder in the nervous system, which in turn hinders control over, for example, tongue, throat, lips or lungs. Swallowing problems, dysphagia, are often present.
Cranial nerves that control these muscles include the facial nerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the hypoglossal nerve (XII).
Classification
Dysarthrias are classified in multiple ways based on the presentation of symptoms. Specific dysarthrias include spastic, flaccid, ataxic, unilateral upper motor neuron, and mixed dysarthria.
Causes
The reasons behind dysarthria can be many; among the diseases are stroke, ALS, Parkinson's disease, botulism, cranial nerve lesions, chorea, prion protein related diseases, and cerebral palsy. Dysarthria can also be an early symptom of stroke, and of other forms of traumatic brain injury. More common causes are intoxication and anesthesia, although these are transient. Another possibility is myasthenia gravis.
Treatment
The articulation problems that dysarthria causes can be treated together with a speech language pathologist using a range of techniques which sometimes includes strengthening the speech musculature. Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices that make coping with dysarthria easier include speech synthesis software and text-based telephones.
相關影片：
Improve dysarthria with speech therapy on video
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=54eRRbCtPn8
Spactic dysarthria
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=EHNSBo3SsmY
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysarthria
中文解釋：張力減退（1.壓力過低.2.動脈管弛緩.3.肌張力過弱.）
英文解釋：(of muscular tissue) the state of being hypotonic
(肌組織)狀態低壓
張力減退／張力過弱. 張力減退是指肌肉張力減退， 通常出現於新生嬰兒，可暗示中央系統機能障礙，基因或肌肉紊亂。
圖片位址：http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/17229.jpg
相關網站：http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/17229.htm
NC271TT09 dysdiadochokinesia
Main Entry: dys·di·ad·o·cho·ki·ne·sia連續更替運動之能力失常
Variant: or dys·di·ad·o·ko·ki·ne·sia
Function: noun
Dys不 失去+diadochokinesia《名》 連續更替運動之能力,(兩種反方向運動之連續變換,例如手掌向上向下之轉換).
Definition: impairment of the ability to make movements exhibiting a rapid change of motion that is caused by cerebellar dysfunction —compare ADIADOKOKINESIS
adiadochokinesia (adi•a•do•cho•ki•ne•sia) [a1diadochokinesia] a dyskinesia<名> 運動困難,運動不良consisting of inability to perform the rapid alternating movements of diadochokinesia. Called also adiadochocinesia, adiadochokinesis, and adiadokokinesia
NC271TT10 hypotonia
動脈管弛緩
Hypotonia is a condition of abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength. Hypotonia is not a specific medical disorder, but a potential manifestation of many different diseases and disorders that affect motor nerve control by the brain or muscle strength. Recognizing hypotonia, even in early infancy, is usually relatively straightforward, but diagnosing the underlying cause can be difficult and often unsuccessful. The long-term effects of hypotonia on a child's development and later life depend primarily on the severity of the muscle weakness and the nature of the cause. Some disorders have a specific treatment but the principal treatment for most hypotonia of idiopathic or neurologic cause is physical therapy to help the person compensate for the neuromuscular disability.
NC271TT11 intention tremor
中文意義：顫抖癒合之過程.
術語原意：A tremor which arises or which is intensified when a voluntary, coordinated movement is attempted.
圖片：
NC271TT
苔狀神經，定義：軸突提供投入到小腦從其他部分的大腦。 They provide direct connections with both golgi and granule cells in the granular layer.他們提供直接的聯繫，無論golgi與顆粒細胞中的顆粒層。 The axons originate in the pons and spinocerebellar pathways.軸突起源於橋腦和脊髓通路。 Each has 3 to 5 synapses with granule cell dendrites.每3至5個突觸與顆粒細胞的樹突。
NC271TT13 neocerebellum
新小腦,(小腦半球兩側部分,主要接受經橋腦來的輸入訊息).
NC271TT14 paleocerebellum
Paleocerebellum舊小腦,(同palaeocerebellum).
a phylogenetically old part of the cerebellum concerned with maintenance of normal postural relationships and made up chiefly of the anterior lobe of the vermis and of the pyramid
前葉anterior lobe 位於小腦上部原裂以前的部分，加上小腦下面的蚓垂和蚓錘體。在種系發生上晚於絨球小結葉，稱為舊小腦paleocerebellum。
NC271TT15 Purkinje cells
Purkinje cells柏金氏細胞
小腦皮質內的一種大型細胞，掌控著肌肉運動及平衡。
NC271TT16 rebounding
彈回,跳回
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