LBT310-315雅雯

LBT310-315雅雯

An interesting question concerns the role of intelligence in the acquisition of language. Is mastery of this, in a sense, highly abstract behavior dependent upon measurable intelligence? The problem is complicated (1) by the definition of intelligence and (2) by the changing intelligence quotients with chronological age among the feeble-minded. An individual whose cognitive status remains constant on a level comparable to that of the normal three-year-old appears to have a steadily falling IQ throughout childhood due to the peculiar way in which this figure is computed. The situation is well-illustrated in the scattergram of Fig7-10. (Compare also Zeaman and house, 1962.) The study of the mongoloid population, as well as that of additional case of mental retardation, indicates that there is a certain “IQ threshold value” that varies with age and that (=“IQ threshold value”) must be attained for language to be acquired. Individuals below this threshold have varying degrees of language primitivity, as illustrated in Fig. 4.3(Chapter Four). It is noteworthy that this threshold is relatively low. If we take a population whose IQ is at or just above threshold, which is the case of mongoloids, intelligence figures correlate quite poorly with language development. Only if we confine our observations to the low grades of feeblemindedness can a relationship between intelligence and language learning be established.

一個有趣的問題是智力在語言習得上扮演著什麼樣的角色。智力是否支配著語言?在某些意義而言，高度抽象化行為是否取決於智力？這個問題是相當複雜的(complicated by: this problem becomes more complicated because of factor 1 and 2)，在於(1)智力的定義(2)隨著心智年齡和低能的智力商數變化。經由這個圖所計算的特殊方式，一個認知狀態維持恆定的個體，可以和正常三歲個體在幼年時期有appear to have…穩定下滑IQ的個體做比較。這個情形在7-10的點圖中是很好說明(也比較於1962年Zeaman和House)。關於唐氏症人口的研究和心智遲緩的案例一樣，指出特定的「智力閾值的重要性IQ threshold value = minimal IQ required for language acquisition」，其隨著年齡的變動，而且智力的獲得對於語言____是需要的。個人在智力閾值方面低下會有不同程度的____語言primitive language情形，圖4-3解釋(第四章)顯著的低於閾值。如果我們對唐氏症的案例中作抽樣，個體智力剛好在閾值或在閾值之上，智力型態和語言發展的關係是相當的薄弱地。除非我們限定觀察低階級的低能兒low grades of feeblemindedness = severely mental retarded children / people，那麼智力與語言發展的關係__是可以被建立的。Relationship can be established = there is correlation

Among the mongoloids, whose prognosis for mental development is not the worst, chronological age is a much better predictor for language development than computed IQ’s.

在唐氏症患者中，認知發展預後表現不差的個體，心智年齡是跟IQ比起來對於語言發展比較好的預測值。

The relationship between physical maturation and language development has been treated in Chapter Four. Relevant to the same topic is Table7.4.( The criteria for “language developing “was the predominance of words and phrases in all utterances and absence or at most a modicum of random babbling.) The relationship between development of gait and of language appears to be roughly similar to that of normal children; there is greater likelihood for language acquisition after gait is established than before. The development of hand preference is particularly interesting. Right-handedness emerges at the time that language unfolds, even though this occurs at a considerably later time than in normal children.

身體成熟和語言發展的關係已經在第四章討論。有關的議題主要是表7.4(對語言發展的標準判斷是每個言語的優勢辭彙和片語以及缺少或只是少量的隨意亂語) 。步伐的發展和語言的關係大致上和正常小孩相似。對於語言習得相較於在學步之前，有一個可能性是建立在學步之後。另外對於慣用手的發展也是很有趣的。呈現慣用右手的現象同時語言出現，儘管語言發展明顯晚於正常小孩。

表格7.4語言發展階段和各式動作技能關係

語言發展
	總是喃喃聲		語言 發展		總計
動作技能
走路.跑步	14		39		53
東倒西歪走或更差	7		1		8
總計	21		40		61
		X2=8.94	P<0.01
著裝	4		27		31
需要幫助穿 衣	17		13		30
總計	21		40		61
		X2=12.93	P<0.001
自己餵食良好	11		35		46
餵食能力弱	10		5		15
總計	21		40		61
		X2=7.36	P<0.01
慣用右手	6		23		29
慣用左手	3		3		6
兩手同用	3		3		6
沒有特定左右手習慣	9		11		20
總計	21		40		61

表格7.5

	念名字 長度	字彙大小	理解能力	發音	語言發展階段
念名字 長度		0.94	0.92.	0.60	0.95
字彙大小			0.94	0.23	0.95
理解能力				0.30	0.95
發音					0.41
語言發展階段

Mongoloid children are known for their simple but affectionate and pleasant personalities. They are eager to please those surrounding them and, of course, are more dependent on parental care than the ordinary child. They have a tendency toward clowning, and they love to imitate. (Such generalizations are possible because they are remarkably alike in their disposition!) Because of their retardation both their state of dependency and their babbling phase are protracted often years beyond the normal duration of these periods. Considering these data, we may well wonder how the development of language differs in these children from that of the rest of the population. If dependence upon adults, extensive babbling, and propensity for imitation were sufficient factors for language development, these children should develop better language than others. Naturally, their mentation must be deemed insufficient for rapid language progress. On the other hand, some do eventually develop all the essentials of language, and, in these cases, we can hardly suppose that they eventually improve their mentation. Once more we are brought to believe that there is an immanent schedule of evolvement in which apparently one set of events sets the stage for a subsequent set, and so on. However, in the case of mongoloids, where worried parents make often desperate efforts to teach their child to speak, where bodily imitation is frequently specifically rewarded by those tending to the child’s needs, we might expect that the children differ among themselves and from other children in “their strategies” for language acquisition. Would it not be possible, theoretically, that one child first tried to perfect his articulation before trying to increase his vocabulary; another might always try to make sentences out of the ten words he knows; or still another might have all his needs taken care of by his family and therefore content himself with learning to understand language without making an effort to speak himself.

Quick definitions (disposition)

· noun: your usual mood (Example: "He has a happy disposition")

· noun: a natural or acquired habit or characteristic tendency in a person or thing (Example: "A swelling with a disposition to rupture")

· noun: the act or means of getting rid of something

· noun: an attitude of mind especially one that favors one alternative over others

http://www.onelook.com/?w=disposition&ls=a

Quick definitions (protracted)

· adjective: relatively long in duration; tediously protracted (Example: "Protracted negotiations")

http://www.onelook.com/?w=protracted&ls=a

唐氏症小孩最顯著特徵是其簡單卻又柔情始終愉悅的心情的特質，他們渴望和週遭的人和平相處，也比一般大眾依賴著雙親的照顧。他們有開玩笑、幽默的傾向也喜歡模仿。(上述普遍性是可能的，因為they在各種性情顯著相似!) 因為遲緩的情況，不管是獨立(state of dependency – not independency!!!)的階段或是喃喃聲片語(baballing phase = stage, period, not phrase)的產生都長時間的比正常發展時期晚。就這些資料數據而言，我們會懷疑這些孩子語言的發展是否和其他人不同。如果If依賴成人有過度的喃喃學語以及模仿的傾向were影響語言發展的重要因素，then這些孩子將should = must, theoretically speaking比其他孩童有好的語言發展。自然地，他們的心理認知mentation = state of mind, intelligence被認為是must be deemed = regarded對快速語言進步的不重要因素insufficient = not enough。換句話說，一些人確實發展___基本的語言且我們很難假設最終將改善eventually improve is not future tense =finally improve他們的心理作用mentation = intelligence。再一次地，我們被促使的相信有一個天生固有的發展計劃表，也就是一個情況產生，建立後來的一個情況one sets of events sets the stage for a subsequent set = A goes before B, B presupposes A，以此類推。然而在唐氏症患者裡，擔心的家長越是極度渴望且努力使孩子說話，身體上的(有形)的模仿越是成為對這些關心孩子需求頻繁具體的報酬。Bodily imitation is …rewarded by those…needs = bodily imitation is encouraged by the care takers我們可能期待著這些孩子不同於自己且和其他孩子在「他們的階段strategies = tactics, methods, not stages」對語言的獲得有不同。或許這是不可能的，理論上一個小孩在試著增加詞彙之前，第一次試圖完美化他的發音;另一個小孩可能總是用他認識的十個字造句子;再另一個小孩，有出自家庭關心的所有需求，因此對於自己學習理解語言content himself with = is satisfied with, is limited to而沒有努力自言自語感到滿足。The child is satisfied with listening, not willing to develop speaking

	語言發展
	總是 喃喃聲		語言發展		總計
說出名字
說出每個人名字	1		36		37
說出一些名字	20		4		24
總計	21		40		61
		X2=38.43		P<0.001
字彙
大於50 字	2		40		42
50或更少	18		0		18
總計	20		40		60
		X2=47.23		P<0.001
理解
好	5		39		44
有限	16		1		17
總計	21		40		61
		X2=33.62		P<0.001

Our investigation have shown that this is not so. In all the patients studied, the sequence of learning phases and the synchrony of emergence of different language aspects remained undisturbed by the disease. The correlation matrix of Table 7.5 shows that progress in one field of language learning is well correlated with progress in all other fields, except for articulation.

我們的研究調查發現並非如此。在所有病人報告裡，一連串學習階段和同步出現的不一樣語言方面仍然不因這疾病受干擾。表格7.5的相關矩陣顯示除了發音以外，語言學習的某一範疇的發展是和所有其他範疇發展相關的。

The variables of the matrix are all dichotomized and qualitative; the data for the correlations are shown in the six contingencies shown in Table 7.6 and 7.7.

這多變的矩陣是交叉且性質上的。這些相關數據是以這六個情況顯示在表格7.6和7.7。

表格7.7.發音和理解的關係。字彙和語言發展的階段。

	發音
	理解50﹪或更少		理解大於50﹪		總計
理解
好	33		10		43
有限	15		2		17
總計	48		12		60
		X2=0.42		不顯著的
字彙
多於五十字	31		10		41
五十字或更少	16		2		18
總計	47		12		59
		X2=0.67		不顯著的
語言發展
語言發展	29		10		39
大部分喃喃聲	19		2		21
總計	48		12		60
		X2=1.32		不顯著的

The simultaneous unfolding of language,“across the board.” is of great importance for language theories. There is no a priori reason why a child who has stopped babbling and whose utterances are always at saying words or phases, should also have a vocabulary of 50 words or more (he might be content to say the same five words again and again; or he might still be babbling randomly at times while already in possession of some hundred different words); nor is it immediately obvious why the postbabbler should have adequate understanding of spoken commands (he might have learned to imitate like a parrot); or that he should have the same facility in naming people as in naming classes of objects. The one exception to the rule of simultaneous unfolding of language skills is the children’s articulation. The lag is not due to structural abnormalities of fauces or tongue (see complete report, Lenneberg et al..1964)

這些同時呈現的語言，「遍及這版子」是對語言理論有很大重要性的。那裏沒有一個猜測性的理由，為什麼一個小孩誰會喃喃自語和誰的語音總是在說字和片語也理應有50或更多的字彙。(他可能滿足於說一樣的五個字一遍又一遍，或者在他早已經具備數百個不一樣字詞時，可能有時候仍在隨意地牙牙學語)。為什麼postbabbler對於說話能力應該有足夠的認識，這也不是直接顯著的(他可能學著模仿像隻鸚鵡)，或者他可能在說出人們的名字時和說出各式各類的物體目標時有一樣的能力。這些同時呈現的語言技巧規則，惟一的例外是小孩子們的發音。遲滯並不是由於咽喉和舌頭構造上異常。(見完整報告Lenneberg et al..1964)