NC475G郁文

NC475G郁文

Glossary ( terminal bouton ~ tissue plasminogen-activating agent )

terminal bouton

Nerve end synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters.

神經末梢的突觸囊泡，內含神經傳導物質。

圖片：http://medstudy.webmd.idv.tw/histo/display.php?ID=NTY=#pic

testosterone

睪固酮

Male sex hormone produced by the testicle. Promotes the development of sperm and sexual characteristics.

由睪丸間質細胞分泌的男性賀爾蒙,可促使精子成熟、保持男性特徵。

thalamic syndrome

丘腦症候群

Symptoms of transient hemiparesis and loss of superficial and deep sensation with preservation of crude pain in the hypalgesic (reduced sensitivity to pain ) limbs secondary to infarction of the posteroinferior thalamus.

又叫Dejerine-Roussy氏症候群，於1903年由Dejerine和Egger首先提出。到1907年，經Roussy正式確認並命名。病因主要是丘腦膝狀動脈發生閉塞，病變部位在丘腦外側核的後半部，其症候特點是：

⑴對側肢體運動障礙。發病時，出現轉瞬即逝的對側肢體偏癱；對側肢體的不隨意運動，或舞蹈樣，或手足徐動，其程度均輕。

⑵面肌癱瘓的特點是：對側面部表情運動障礙，由於丘腦至皮質下基底神經節核團反射徑路受累中斷，造成病灶對側面部分離性運動障礙：即當大哭大笑、情緒激動時，病灶對側面部表情喪失，呈現面肌癱瘓征，但如果同時令患者作病灶對側的上下肢運動，並無癱瘓表現。

⑶對側半身感覺障礙。

⑷對側半身自發性劇痛。

⑸對側半身感覺過敏或感覺過度。

⑹丘腦性疼痛伴有植物性神經功能障礙。

thalamus

丘腦

Major diencephalic structure located on either side of the third ventricle and medial to the internal capsules. Plays an important role in sensorimotor integration and projection to the cortex.

構成第三腦室側壁在上視丘與下視丘之間，為感覺系統與大腦皮質之連接站

thermal anesthesia

溫覺缺失

Loss of temperature (Heat and cold) sensation.

喪失對溫度(冷、熱)的感覺。

thermal hyperesthesia

溫覺過敏

Abnormally lower threshold of sensitivity to heat and cold.

對冷、熱溫度的感覺閾值異常的低。

thermal hypoesthesia

溫覺減退

Diminished sensitivity to heat and cold stimuli.

對冷、熱刺激的感覺敏感度減少。

thermoreceptors

溫度受器

Receptors with sensitivity to heat and cold.

對冷、熱敏感的感覺受器。

Thiamine

硫胺素(維他命B1)

Essential for growth, a vitamin resent in milk and grain husks. Deficiency is associated with beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, characterized by progressive personality changes and amnesia.

為成長所必須的維他命，可由牛奶及榖類外殼獲得，若缺乏會引發腳氣病及高沙可夫症候群，會有漸進的人格改變與健忘症的特徵。

腳氣病﹙beriberi﹚：分為乾性﹙dry﹚與濕性﹙wet﹚兩種。乾性腳氣病以神經系統的傷害最為明顯，典型症狀有神經系統退化、全身神經刺痛感、手與腳部的協調不良、腿部腓腸肌(calf muscle)按壓會疼痛。濕性腳氣病以心臟的傷害最為明顯，典型症狀有心臟擴大、心臟衰竭、嚴重水腫。

高沙可夫症候群 ( Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome ) ：是酒精中毒引發的維生素B1缺乏症，兼有急性腦病變與慢性精神病症。酗酒者通常飲食攝取極不均衡，加上酒精干擾B1的吸收，終而導致缺乏，使腦部能量不足而有嚴重的傷害。患者喪失記憶、神智紊亂、步履不穩、眼球肌肉麻痺、眼球移動失控。

third ventricle

第三腦室

Space in the diencephalons filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

為間腦(包括視丘及第三腦室之大部分)內的一個空間，內充滿了腦脊隨液。

thoracolumbar outflow

胸椎與腰椎的傳出(路徑)

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons with cell bodies in the lateral gray columns of the thoracic segments and the first two of three spinal lumbar segments.

交感節前神經與細胞體，位於胸段與脊椎腰段的前三分之二(T1-L2/3)的側灰柱(脊髓灰質柱,為神經細胞體之所在處)的部分。

threshold

閾值

Value of membrance potential at which the ionic current change flows into the membrane, causing the cellular interior to become positive.

細胞膜電位在離子電流改變流入細胞內使得細胞內電位為正時的值。

即引起反應之最低刺激度

thrombolytic agent

血栓溶解劑

Chemical agents that dissolve blood clots and restore circulation. Also included in this category is tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA).

一種化學藥劑，可使血塊溶解恢復血液循環，例如：t-PA (組織型纖溶酶原激活劑、組織漿質催化素)。

Thrombosis

血栓塞

Formation of a localized clot that blocks the lumen of a blood vessel.

血管內局部發生血塊阻塞了血管內通路。

圖片：http://www.wired.com/medtech/health/news/2003/02/57580

thymus

胸腺

Lymphoid structure that functions as an endocrine gland.

功能如類分泌腺的淋巴結構。

thyrotropin

促甲狀腺激素( thyroid stimulating hormone；TSH )

Thyroid trophic hormone secretes by adenohypophysis.

腦下垂體前葉分泌,促進甲狀腺活動刺激分泌甲狀腺素

tic

抽搐

Spasmodic involuntary twitching of muscles that are usually under voluntary control.

隨意肌發生不可控制(不隨意)的痙攣情形。

tissue plasminogen-activating agent (tPA)

組織型纖溶酶原激活劑/組織漿質催化素

Drug used to restore blood circulation in acute cases of thromboembolic stroke by dissolving the atherosclerotic clot.

一種血栓溶解劑( thrombolytic agent )，借由溶解動脈中的血塊用於治療急性動脈粥狀硬化。

NC3236郁文

NC3236郁文

Define outline and content correctly.

Find relevant website, picture, animation, video on the web, if available.

Learning object

NC027L04

List principal embryonic divisions of the brain and gross anatomic structures related to each division.

列出腦部主要在胚胎時期的區域以及各區域租略的解剖構造

→ NC029F2-02、NC030T2-01

NC114L09

Discuss the critical periods of susceptibility to teratogenesis for the central nervous system and for other related organ systems.

討論對中樞神經系統及其他相關器官系統在畸形發生的敏感性關鍵期。

→ NC126T4-04、NC127T4-05

NC131L07

Explain differential regenerative processes between the central and peripheral nervous systems.

說明中樞神經系統與週邊神經系統間再生(恢復)過程的差別。

P.141 Axonal regeneration in the peripheral nervous system

P.142 Axonal regeneration in the central nervous system

NC185L10

Relate visual field defects with lesion sites.

連結視覺區缺陷與機能障礙(器官損害)部位。

→ NC203T8-04、NC203F8-14

NC378L03

Describe the cortical region supplied by each major artery.

描述皮質部位各個提供血液的主要血管。

→ NC382T17-03

Table

NC059T2-05

Nerve plexus and motor functions

神經叢與運動功能

NC242T11-01

Ascending and descending spinal pathways

上升與下降的脊柱路徑

NC409T19-01

Language features of common types of aphasia

一般類型失語症的語言特色

NC426T20-02

Normal and pathologic structures seen on T1- and T2-weighted MRI studies

T1與T2由磁共振造影所得的正常與病態的組織

Box

NC373B16-05

Clinical implications of spinal lesions affecting the muscles of respiration

脊柱損壞影響呼吸肌肉的臨床情形

Figure

NC015F1-07

The cellular layers of the neocortex, the most evolved type of cerebral cortex tissue.

大腦新皮質的各細胞層，大腦皮質組織的最主要發展類型。

NC106F3-23

Rostral surface of a coronal section through the rostral thalamus, massa intermedia, and subthalamic nucleus.

朝向喙嘴的(特指大腦胼胝體前端向下彎細之處較近喙嘴的)表面的冠狀縫區經過嘴側丘腦、中心質、底丘腦核。

NC167F7-03

The three-neuron organization of somatosensory system.

體感覺系統的三神經組織

NC263F12-03

Somatotopic localization of the sensorimotor functions in the cerebellar cortex of a monkey. The sensorimotor representation of the body is known to be ipsilateral in the anterior lobe and bilateral in the posterior cerebellum.

猴子的小腦皮質區與特定感覺運動功能的局部化。身體感覺的物態化已知是位於小腦前葉的同一側以及左右對稱在後小腦區。

NC323F15-17

The trigeminal nuclear complex in the brainstem and the divisions of the trigeminal nerve.

腦幹中的三叉神經核複合體與分段的三叉神經。

Technical Terms

NC081TT17

hypothalamus 丘腦下部；下視丘

Diencephalic structure, located beneath the thalamus, that secretes hormones and regulates feeding, fighting, and sexual behavior.

為間腦組織，位於丘腦之下，可分泌賀爾蒙與控制進食、戰鬥、性行為等。

NC130TT30

neural plate 神經板,(胚胎時神經管之早期構造).

Thickened midline plate of neuroectoderm that develops into the neural tube, giving rise to the central nervous system.

神經外胚層的中線板增厚形成神經管，發展成日後的中樞神經系統。

相關神經管發育成神經系統簡介：http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/dev_c.htm

NC151TT30

nerve cell 神經細胞,(同neuron).

Specialized cell of the nervous system that conducts electrical impulses.

專屬神經系統的細胞，可傳導神經衝動。

NC207TT25

rhodopsin 視紫質

Visual purple pigment found in the outer segments of rod cells.

視覺的紫色色素，存在於桿狀細胞外部。

NC226TT12

superior olivary nucleus 上橄欖核

Nucleus in the medullary tegmentum that is the first to receive projections from both cochleae and it play an important role in sound localization.

位於骨髓被蓋核心，是第一個接收雙耳耳蝸投射(投影)的器官，在聲音定位上扮演很重要的角色。

NC288TT02

akinesia 運動不能

Slow initiation, or loss of power of voluntary movements seen in patients with basal ganglia pathology.

一種起始緩慢、或喪失控制隨意運動的能力的症狀，常見於基底神經節(基底核)病變的病人。

NC352TT08

diplopia 複視

Pathologic condition of double vision by which a single object is seen as being two objects.

一種將單一物體看成兩物體的病理現象。

複視的原因很多,大抵是眼睛的外眼肌無力或麻痺所引起,而外眼肌是由腦神經所控制,所以腦神經或大腦本身的疾病都可能引起複視。(http://www.tw16.net/monographData.asp?m1No=2&m2No=54&m3No=571&mMo=8102)

NC398TT08

blood-brain barrier 血腦屏障、腦血管障壁 (簡稱BBB)

Physiologic barrier unique to brain arteries that prevents noxious substances in the blood from entering the brain.

大腦與動脈間獨特的生理屏障，可避免血液中的有害物質進入大腦。

Quiz questions

NC025Q3

Define the following lexical roots (see Appendix C on the point web site):kinesis, opsis, phagein, plege, prattien, praxis, presby, taxis, tectum

NC237Q3

Why do ballet dancers and professional ice skaters not exhibit rotational nystagmus?

CA081 211郁文

CA081 211郁文

Colored pictures have to be explained in detail

Find relevant website, picture, animation, video on the web, if available.

CA081P5.5郁文

CA081P5.5

CA080T5.5

CA081C5.5

CA211P12.2郁文

CA211P12.2

CA210T12.2

CA211C12.2

LB351-353郁文

LB351-353郁文

Type and later translate the legend for Fig. 8.6

打字

P.351

I V . Naming and cognitive processes 351

The Brown and Lenneberg experiment need not be reported here in any great detail. Subjects were screened for color-blindness and had to be native born American-English speakers. Their task consisted of correctly recognizing certain colors. The colors were one color (or in some experimental conditions four colors) at a time for a short period: these were the stimulus colors.

After a timed interval they viewed a large color chart (to wich we shall refer as the color context) from which they chose the colors they had been shown before the colors were identified by pointing so that no descriptive words were used either by the experimenter or the subject.

In earlier investigations the foci and borders of English name maps had been determined through Approach A; basing ourselves on this information we selected a small sample of colors (the stimulus colors) consisting of all foci and an example of each border. A few additional colors were added (only the region of high saturation was included). This yielded a sample of 24 colors. Next we used Approach B in order to obtain lists of words and descriptive phrases actually used by English speakers in order to refer to the colors in our particular sample and contex. Approach A and B together provided us with background knoeledge of the language habits that English-speaking subjects might hypothesized that there would be a relationship between the two.

The measure of name-determinacy, obtained through Approach B, was found to be highly correlated with response latency and shortness of response (as confirmed by Beare, 1963) and was called by Brown and Lenneberg codability. Codability is essentially a measure of how well people agree in giving a name to a stimulus, in our case a color. Good agreement (that is, high codability) maybe due to two independent factors: the language of the speakers may provide, through its vocabulary, a highly characteristic. Unique. And unambiguous word for a highly specific stimulus (for example, the physical color of blood): or the stimulus may in fact bequite nondescript in the language, but it is given special salience in a physical context (for instance, red hair). Codability does not distinguish these two factors.

We found codability of a color did not predict its recognizability when the recognition task was easy (one color to be identified after a seven second waiting period); however, as the task was made more difficult codability began to correlate with recognizability and the relashionship was most clearly seen in the most difficult of the tasks (four colors had to be recognized after a three minute waiting period

P.352

352 Language and cognition

At first these result looked like experimental proof that under certain conditions a person’s native language may facilitate or handicap a memory-function. However, it became apparent later that the role of physical context needed to be studied further (see also Krauss and Weinheimer, 1965). Burnham and Clark (1955) conducted a color recognition experiment employing essentially the same procedure as Brown and Lenneberg but using a different sample of colors (namely the Farnsworth-Munsell Test Colors instead of the high saturation colors from the Munsell Book of colors). They found that colors differed in their recognizability as shown in Fig. 8.6 with mistakes occurring in specific directions, clearly pointing to some systematic bias in the subject’s performance. Lenneberg (1957) obtained naming data on the same stimulus material and a comparison of these data with those of Burnham and Clark (Fig. 8.4) seemed to show that the bias may be related to the semantic structure “built into” the subjects by virtue of their native English. The only difficulty with this interpretation is this. In the Brown and Lenneberg experiment appositive correlation was found between codability and recognizability, whereas the recognizability of the Burnham and Clark colors was negatively correlated with their codability. This divergence is not due to experimental artifac. Lantz (unpublished data) repeated the Burnham and Clark experiment twice with different groups of adults in different parts of the country and Lantz and Stefflre (1964) replicated the Brown and Lenneberg experiment, all with similar results.

There are strong reasons to attribute the difference in outcome of the two experiments to the peculiarities of the stimulus arrays and the physical context of the individual colors.

Burnham and Clark had hoped to eliminate by using a circular stimulus array. But Ss’ naming habits restructured the material so as to furnish certain anchoring points: namely, the boundaries between name maps. Thus a few colors acquired a distinctive feature. Whereas most of the colors, all that fell within a name region, tended to be assimilated in memory. To remember the word “green” in this task was of no help since there were so many greens: but to remember that the color was on the border of “green” and “not-green” enabled the subject to localize the stimulus color with great accuracy in the color context.

The Brown and Lenneberg study did not provide subject with any two or three outstanding landmarks for recognition, since there was no more than one color within individual name categories. The possibility of assimilating colors (or of grouping colors into classes of stimulus equivalence) was drastically reduced if not eliminated

P.353

Type and later translate the legend for Fig. 8.6 here.

On the other hand, so many colors marked boundaries, that betwixtness as such was no longer a distinctive feature.

摘要

Brown和Lenneberg的實驗不需要在此作較詳細的說明報告。題材是經過色盲檢查並且必須在當地出生的美式英語發言者。他們的任務是正確地辨識某些顏色組成。 顏色的提供是一次在短期提供一種顏色(或是實驗性質的四種顏色)：這些顏色是刺激顏色。

在一段時間間隔之後，給他們觀看一張大的顏色圖表(在此我們將指稱為顏色目錄)， 從圖表中受試者須以手指的方式，選出他們剛剛在試驗中看過的顏色，因此不會有描述性的字辭使用在受試者或題材上。

在英語有名的地圖的聚光點和邊緣，在較早的調查過程中透過Approach A確定； 藉由這個訊息，把我們自己建立在我們選擇的一個小的樣品顏色(刺激顏色)上組成全部的聚光點和每個邊緣的樣品。一些額外的顏色被增加(只有高飽和部分被包括)。這產生一個24種顏色的樣品。下一步我們使用Approach B去得到英語發言者實際上真正使用的的字辭與描述性片語列表，用以參照顏色在我們的特別的樣本與上下文內的關聯。Approach A 與 B同為我們提供了用英文說的題材被假定與在兩者之間有關聯這樣的語言習慣的背景知識。

透過Approach B測量姓名決定因素名字被發現與淺在反應與較短的回應有高度關聯(已經由Beare證實，1963)，並且被Brown與Lenneberg稱之為編碼能力。編碼能力基本上是人們如何認可給一個刺激一個名字的程度，在此刺激為色彩。同意性高(亦即，高的編碼能力)或許是由於兩個獨立的因素︰發言者的語言可能透過它的詞彙提供一個高度的特徵。以及不含糊的詞對一個非常特別的刺激(例如，血液的物理顏色)；或者刺激可能實際上相當難以語言形容，但是它被用物理上下文(例如，紅頭髮)給特別的突顯了。編碼能力不區分這兩個因素。

工具書

英漢漢英漢漢英醫學分科辭典(網路版)

http://140.128.138.209:8099/

NC4350思妤

NC4350思妤

Briefly describe each entry. Go into detail later.

NC相關作業

NC024p01

NC029F2-02

NC067T2-07

NC081Q7 List the cranial nerves by name and in the order they exit the brainstem.

NC081TT28

Tegmentum蓋膜(中腦的底部)

NC113TT04

Caudate nucleus尾核

NC121F4-09

NC130TT41

Ectoderm外胚層,外細胞層

NC141T5-02

NC151TT41

Thymus胸腺(=thymus gland)

NC179T7-07

NC196T8-02

NC208L06

Describe the central auditory mechanism.

形容中央聽力的機制

Ans. Pg214~219

NC229F10-02

NC253F11-14

NC271TT03

Asynergia協同不能

NC288TT13

Reticular formation網狀體

NC299Q2

List two clinical characteristics of alternating hemipledia.

NC300L11

Relate cranial nerve nuclei and their projections to specific sensorimotor functions.

與頭蓋的細胞核和他們所保護的特殊感覺運動的作用

Ans. pg311~339

NC332T15-18

NC253TT19

Somatic細胞體的

NC377TT04

Adipsia渴感缺乏

NC378L14

Discuss the concept and clinical significance of the blood-brain barrier.

談論血腦障壁障礙的概念和臨床意義。

Ans. Pg395

NC398TT19

Thrombosis血栓形成

NC419P04

NC435T20-04

NC458G思妤

NC458G思妤

Type the English before you translate the terms. Find relevant materials on the web.

NC’s Glossary

CT斷層掃描

Cuneocerebellar tract楔小腦束

Cuneus

Cipula

Cutaneous皮膚的(從皮膚傳來的一般知覺)

Cystic cavity

Cytoarchitectonism

Cytoarchitectural map

Cytokinesis 細胞質分裂

Cytologic細胞的

Cytoplasm細胞質

Cytotrophoblast

Dark adaptation暗光適應

Decerebrate rigidity去大腦僵直

Decible分貝

Decussation中央神經系統的交叉神經纖維

Deep cerebellar nuclei

Deglutition 吞咽

Déjà vu記憶幻覺

Delirium精神錯亂

Dementia痴呆

Demyelination髓鞘脫失

Dendrites樹突

CA111C思妤

CA111C思妤

Colored picture with dark margin is no good and unacceptable. When you paint, do not cover the sketch lines.

Find relevant website, picture, animation, and video, if available on the internet.

繪圖本

7.1腦半球上的主要裂縫

人腦半球的主要外觀就是它上面的許多溝紋，比較大的則稱為fissures，較小的稱為「腦溝」 (sulci)。不包括將腦分成兩半球的縱走裂縫，共有四道裂縫各為左右central fissures及左右lateral fissures。在裂縫交界處之隆起稱為腦廻。

並非所有脊椎動物皆有迴旋的腦半球，大多之大型哺乳類多為平滑的腦。有多迴旋的腦是一種進化，目的是增加大腦皮質容量(大腦之外層)。因為大腦皮質的增大，相較於其他腦的部分大了許多，所以腦表面產生了許多皺摺。所以大腦皮質有許多部分是無法由外觀看到，而是藏在腦縫與腦溝中。

大腦皮質為灰質—呈現灰色，因為它充滿細胞體、樹突、及無髓鞘之軸突。緊貼大腦皮質下方則為白質，他則充滿有髓鞘之軸突，這些軸突則連結著大腦皮質的許多部位。所有不屬於大腦的則稱為subcortical。