NC377TT Chapt.16

NC377TT Chapt.16

NC377TT01王思婷

acetylcholine

【譯】乙醯膽素

【補充】

存在體內各種組織，內為副交感神經作用類同物質。具有諸如自一神經纖維經過突觸傳送衝動至另一神經纖維等數種生理功能的化學物質。

NC377TT02許舒琇

Adenohypophysis

腦下垂體前葉，受下視丘分泌的釋放激素(releasing hormone)、抑制激素(inhibiting hormone)作用，共分泌多種激素。

NC377TT03鍾莉婷

adipsia

渴感缺乏。

特徵為缺乏對喝水的慾望。

NC377TT04林思妤

Adipsia

渴感缺乏

NC377TT05李志岳

α－rhythm

α波(8~14Hz)是屬於意識與潛意識層面之間的橋樑，作白日夢是想像力的來源、靈感、直覺或點子發揮最好的狀態，身心平衡輕鬆注意力集中記憶力最旺盛。

NC377TT06李柔儀 缺

NC377TT07常德立 缺

NC377TT08梁永恆

Aphagia

在吞嚥時痛苦或有困難

NC377TT09李海琪

asphyxia

窒息 (俗)suffocation

Etymology: New Latin, from Greek, stopping of the pulse, from a- + sphyzein to throb

Meaning: a lack of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide in the body that results in unconsciousness and often death and is usually caused by interruption of breathing or inadequate oxygen supply

由於身體內有過多的二氧化碳或缺乏氧氣而造成的失去意識，如果呼吸停止或氧氣供給不足甚至可能會引致死亡

Asphyxia (from Greek a-, "without" and σφυγμός (sphygmos), "pulse, heartbeat") is a condition of severely deficient supply of oxygen to the body that arises from being unable to breathe normally. Asphyxia causes generalized hypoxia, which primarily affects the tissues and organs most sensitive to hypoxia first, such as the brain, hence resulting in cerebral hypoxia. Asphyxia is usually characterized by air hunger, but this is not always the case; the urge to breathe is triggered by rising carbon dioxide levels in the blood rather than diminishing oxygen levels. Sometimes there is not enough carbon dioxide to cause air hunger, and victims become hypoxic without knowing it. This may occur, for example, if the oxygen in the air of an enclosed space is displaced by a large amount of inert gas. In any case, the absence of effective remedial action will very rapidly lead to unconsciousness, brain damage, and death. The time to death is dependent on the particular mechanism of asphyxia.

Asphyxia is used to maim or kill in capital punishment, suicide, torture, and warfare. It is also used non-fatally in martial arts, combat sports, BDSM, and during sex as erotic asphyxia. Because the need to breathe is triggered by the level of carbon dioxide in the blood, some victims may not experience an urgent need to breathe and may remain unaware of the onset of hypoxia.

Chemical or physiological interference with respiration

Various chemical and physiological situations can interfere with the body's ability to absorb and use oxygen or regulate blood oxygen levels:

l Carbon monoxide inhalation, such as from a car exhaust: carbon monoxide has a higher affinity than oxygen to the hemoglobin in the blood's red blood corpuscles, bonding with it tenaciously, and, in the process, displacing oxygen and preventing the blood from transporting it around the body

l Contact with certain chemicals, including pulmonary agents (such as phosgene) and blood agents (such as hydrogen cyanide)

l Self-induced hypocapnia by hyperventilation, as in shallow water or deep water blackout and the choking game

l A seizure which stops breathing activity

l Sleep apnea

l Drug overdose

l Ondine's curse, central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, or primary alveolar hypoventilation, a disorder of the autonomic nervous system in which a patient must consciously breathe; although it is often said that persons with this disease will die if they fall asleep, this is not usual the case

l Acute respiratory distress syndrome.

l Exposure to extreme low pressure or vacuum.

Compressive asphyxia

Compressive asphyxia (also called chest compression) refers to the mechanical limitation of the expansion of the lungs by compressing the torso, hence interfering with breathing. Compressive asphyxia occurs when the chest or abdomen is compressed posteriorly. In accidents, the term traumatic asphyxia or crush asphyxia is usually used to describe compressive asphyxia resulting from being crushed or pinned under a large weight or force. An example of traumatic asphyxia includes cases in which an individual has been using a car-jack to repair a car from below, only to be crushed under the weight of the vehiclewhen the car-jack slips. Pythons, anacondas, and other constrictor snakes kill through compressive asphyxia.

In fatal crowd disasters, contrary to popular belief, it is not the blunt trauma from trampling that causes the large part of the deaths, but rather the compressive asphyxia from being crushed against the crowd. In confined spaces, people push and lean against each other; evidence from bent steel railings in several fatal crowd accidents have shown horizontal forces over 4500 N (comparative weight approximately 460kg). In cases where people have stacked up on each other forming a human pile, estimations have been made of around 380kg of compressive weight in the lowest layer.

Chest compression is also featured in various grappling combat sports, where it is sometimes called wringing. Such techniques are used either to tire the opponent or as complementary or distractive moves in combination with pinning holds,or sometimes even as submission holds. Examples of chest compression include the knee-on-stomach position, or techniques such as leg scissors (also referred to as body scissors and in budo referred to as do-jime,胴絞, "trunk strangle") where you wrap the legs around the opponent's midsection and squeeze them together.

Pressing is a form of torture or execution that works through asphyxia

相關圖片：

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Image943-knee_mount.jpg

相關影片：

Asphyxia in the Chair - The Lethal Revision Facelift

http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=jtUZYgYTQ_s

asphyxia

http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=Py9eSW6_DMY

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxia

NC377TT10吳蝶

for•nix [ fáwrniks ] (plural for•ni•ces [ fáwrni seez ]) 穹窿,(弧形體或凹陷),

noun

Definition:arched structure: a structure or fold in the shape of an arch, especially either of two bands of white fibers in the brain

[Late 17th century. <>

NC377TT11何宏祥

Cholinergic

中文解釋：類膽鹼(功)能的；膽素激性的;膽素導性的,(為副交感神經作用類同藥).

英文解釋：releasing or activated by acetylcholine or a related compound

圖片位址：http://caribbean.scielo.org/img/revistas/wimj/v55n3/a13fig01.gif

相關網站：http://caribbean.scielo.org/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0043-31442006000300013&lng=es&nrm=iso

圖片位址：http://www.cps.ci.cambridge.ma.us/crls/LC_R/classrooms/AUGUSTINE/Autonomic_Nervous_System/index_files/slide0079_image128.jpg

相關網站：http://www.cps.ci.cambridge.ma.us/crls/LC_R/classrooms/AUGUSTINE/Autonomic_Nervous_System/index_files/frame.html#slide0079.html

NC377TT12楊采駖 缺

NC377TT13曾琦瑜

colic

腹痛、絞痛、疝痛，腹部急劇地痙攣痛苦，由胃腸器官造成的一種綜合症狀由嚴重的陣發性痛苦的疾病,通常因為消化道疾病。

NC377TT14林淑儀

diurnal

◎ Pertaining to the daylight hours; opposite of nocturnal.

◎ 日間的

NC377TT15徐凡鈞

Edinger-westphal nucleus第三動眼神經的副核

動眼神經核發出軀體運動纖維和動眼神經副核發出內臟運動纖維(副交感纖維)組成自中腦腳間窩出腦，經海綿竇外側壁向前，穿眶上裂進入眶。內臟運動柱：位於軀體運動柱的外側，由4對核團組成。它們分別是：①動眼神經副核，又稱Edinger-Westphal核：位於動眼神經核上端的背內側。由此核發出的纖維行於動眼神經內，在副交感神經節換神經元，由此節發出的副交感節後纖維支配瞳孔括約肌和睫狀肌。

NC377TT16顏英仁

Gonadotropic

刺激生殖腺的

NC377TT17徐瑞鴻

Hippocampus

《名》海馬迴,(解剖名詞,在大腦側腦室下角底部)

屬於邊緣系統的一部份，負責學習與記憶，在記憶和學習的腦部功能上扮演了極為重要的角色。

參考網站：http://dict.vghtpe.gov.tw/

圖片出處：http://scienceblogs.com/purepedantry/upload/2007/04/hippocampus-2.gif

NC377TT18蔡宜菁

Insomnia

不眠症，為ㄧ種睡眠疾病

【補充】

根據DSM-IV 307.42 Primary Insomnia 原發性失眠定義如下
A.主訴症狀為不易入睡或維持睡眠 或無法恢復精神的睡眠 超過1個月以上
B. 睡眠障礙或有關的白天疲憊 會引起臨床上明顯的痛苦 或社交 工作上或其他重要功能的缺失
C. 睡眠障礙不是由於猝睡症 呼吸有關睡眠疾病 生理節奏紊亂 或睡中異常 而引起
D. 睡眠障礙不是由於其他精神疾病 (如 重鬱症 廣泛性焦慮症 譫妄 ) 所引起.
E. 睡眠障礙不是直接由於影響生理機能的物質 (如藥物濫用 特定藥物 )或一般內科疾病所引起

NC377TT19林熲齊

Kluver-Bucy syndrome: 雙側顳葉切除綜合征

(参考資料)圖片:

NC377TT20楊松儒 缺

NC377TT21謝侑倫

parasympathetic system

副交感神經系統 ─ 自主神經系統包含了交感神經系統 (sympathetic nervous system) 以及副交感神經系統 (parasympathetic nervous system) 。其功能主要在於調控內臟的平滑肌運動以及內分泌腺體產生內分泌激素。

NC377TT22蔡仁釧 缺

NC377TT23吳馥榕

Polydipsia劇渴

Polydipsia劇渴—Condition characterized by excessive fluid intake.

當吸收過多的液體時的現象。

NC377TT24鄭雁之

polyuria多尿症

Condition characterized by excessive fluid intake.

大致分為兩類，一種是尿量不正常的增多，也就是多尿。另一種尿量正常但小便的次數太多。也就是頻尿。雖然很難說小便多少是正常，但如果一天小便多於三千CC，則無疑的可視為多尿。

NC377TT25呂智源

portal system

中文名稱：門脈循環

名詞解釋：Lower pressure vascular system that carries hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland(adenohypophysis)

中文翻譯：低壓的血管系統，帶著下視丘的荷爾蒙來到腦垂線前葉

名詞補充：

In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, "portal venous system" often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, "portal vein" most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：門脈循環是指血液循環，正常的血流由大動脈至小動脈，小血管、微血管，再到小靜脈、大靜脈至心臟。若至靜脈時不流到心臟，反先到其它器官，就稱之為門靜脈系統。腸道的靜脈血流，匯流後先到肝臟，就稱之為肝門靜脈，在肝臟裡與肝臟本身的動脈血液，集合匯流成肝靜脈，在經由下腔靜脈回心臟循環。

NC377TT26王珮馨

postganglionic　　　

術語翻譯：（ａ）神經節後的

術語解釋：神經節的遠端或是神經節之外。

NC377TT27詹心妤

preganglionic neuron

節前神經元，是自主神經系統的神經元，其細胞體位於脊髓和腦幹

http://img140.imageshack.us/img140/7645/preganglionicneuron01jq5.png

http://img140.imageshack.us/img140/6364/preganglionicneuron02ri9.png

http://img140.imageshack.us/img140/7238/preganglionicneuron03ju1.png

交感神經和副交感神經的節前神經的神經傳導物為Acetylcholine（ACh；乙醯膽鹼）

NC377TT28陳姿蓉

Preoptic－視神經交叉前的

位於是神經交叉上的下視丘前面部分。

下視丘是腦中男女差異已被妥善研究的區域。男性和女性下視丘的兩個區域前視區（preoptic area）以及視交叉上核（suprachiasmatic nucleus）有很明顯的不同。

補充

下視丘之前視區

下視丘的這個區域涉及交配行為。包括人類在內的幾個物種，其雄性的前視區不論在體積，橫切面或是細胞的數量上，都較女性為多。男性此區域的體積是女性的2.2倍，細胞數目則為2倍。孩童在四歲以後才能在此區域看出顯著的差異。四足歲時，女孩此核的細胞數目減少。 此核對於行為的確切功能尚未完全釐清。

下視丘之視神經交叉上核

下視丘的此區域與生理時鐘（circadian rhythms）以及生殖週期（reproduction cycles）。 在此區域男性與女性的差異僅止於形狀：在男性，此核的形狀為球形，女性則顯得較長。然而，男女兩性在此核的細胞數目與體積上並無不同。視神經交叉上核可能影響此區域與腦部其他區域的連結，尤其是下視丘的其他區域。

參考網頁：

人の脳・神経、機能と構造http://www.geocities.jp/ululu_o_ululu/report-07-01.htm

NC377TT29黃齡萱

raphe nucleus

縫合核

補充 : 自殺身亡的人身上，有兩個腦區出現解剖及化學上的變異：位於眼睛上方的眼眶前額葉皮質，以及腦幹的背側縫合核。其中的變化，可由血清張力素的製造及利用能力的下降看出。已知在生性衝動及受抑鬱之苦的人身上，腦中數量不足的神經傳遞物主要是血清張力素。位於背側縫合核的神經元製造出血清張力素，再經由長距離的神經投射，將這種神經傳遞物傳至眼眶前額葉皮質。在自殺受害者腦中，從背側縫合核傳送給眼眶前額葉皮質的血清張力素，比正常量為低。

背側縫合核的變化︰與死於其他原因者的對應腦區相比，位於自殺身亡者腦幹的背側縫合核神經元，含有較多用來合成血清張力素的酵素（見左圖染成深色的部份，右圖則為正常人的腦部，沒有這種現象）。這顯示自殺者的腦子試著製造更多的血清張力素。

補充:

學說以闡明神經系統感受疼痛訊息的機轉，1965年由Patrick Wall 和 Ronald Melzack提出一項名為「閘門控制」他們認為疼痛的感受主要是藉由投射到脊髓的粗大傳入性神經纖維與細小神經纖維各自傳送的神經衝動之間互相角力的結果所致。請注意，粗大神經纖維 係負責傳送的訊息並非傷害所致，而細小神經纖維則負責傳送因傷害所引起的神經訊息。但是，當細小神經纖維 的活性較高時，我們便感受到疼痛了。那就會痛了。下圖所示係證明此一閘門控制學說：

閘門控制學說 I =抑制性的中 間神經元 "Inhibitory Interneuron"；P =投射神經元"Projection Neuron" - =抑制（阻斷）; + =興奮（激活） 我們一步步來看這理論： 1. 沒有任何刺激之時，粗大細小神經纖維都呈靜止 狀態，連接到腦部的投射神經元由於抑制性中間神經元（inhibitory interneuron (I)）的阻斷作用，因而無法產生任何訊息。此時「閘門處於關閉的狀態」，因此無從感受疼痛。 2. 非疼痛性刺激 主要是活化粗大的神經纖維，進而活化投射神經元。除此之外，抑制性中間神經元也感受到活化，因而使得連接到腦部的投射神經元無法傳送訊息。如此一來，「閘門關閉」因此無從感受疼痛。 3. 疼痛刺激主要是活化細小神經纖維。進而活化投射神經元 但卻也同時阻斷抑制性中間神經元。因為抑制性的中間神經元的活性遭受阻斷，所以不能封鎖和腦連接的投射神經元 向外發送訊息。如此一來，「閘門處於開啟的狀態」，疼痛的感覺因此而產生！

(This image is courtesy National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland.)

雖然閘門控制學說已經得到一些研究結果的證實，並且可以證明疼痛病人接受治療時候的一些現象，但這學說並不足以解釋所有的疼痛反應。不過，想想看，當你撞倒頭或意外地夾到手指頭，第一件事你會做什麼？你可能揉一揉，並且感覺舒服一些，對吧！這閘門控制學說可以解釋這現象嗎？嗯，當你揉搓腫脹的頭部或夾傷的手指頭時，因揉搓而產生的觸覺訊息便會經由粗大神經纖維傳送到脊髓。根據這個理論，活化的粗大神經纖維會激發抑制性中間神經元，進而阻斷投射神經元傳送疼痛訊息。 脊髓發出的訊息直接走到腦部，包括丘腦、中腦和網狀構造等區域。 腦部有些有區域除了接收傷害疼痛的訊息之外，同時也會調控情緒反應。除此之外還有，有些腦部區域與脊髓直接相連—這些連結會修改或調控進入腦部的訊息。事實上，這是腦部藉以降低疼痛的一種方式。環腦導水管灰質（periaqueductal gray ；PAG ）和 中縫大核（nucleus raphe magnus）即為腦部兩個止痛區域。為嚴重疼痛所害的病人，外科醫生會在靠近環腦導水管灰質的附近埋置刺激電極，並施以輕微電流刺激以減輕其疼痛。

資料來源: http://sa.ylib.com/read/readshow.asp?FDocNo=185&DocNo=483

http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/pain_c.html

NC377TT30吳承樺

serotonergic

Serotonergic means "related to the neurotransmitter serotonin". A synapse is serotonergic if it uses serotonin as its neurotransmitter. A substance is serotonergic if it is capable of producing, altering, or releasing serotonin.

A serotonergic, or serotonergic agent, is any chemical which functions to enhance the effects mediated by serotonin in the central nervous system, and they include the following classes of chemicals:

Serotonin precursors (such as tryptophan and 5-HTP)

Cofactors required in the body's production of serotonin

Serotonergic enzymes

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - A common class of serotonergic antidepressants

Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant - Another class of serotonergic antidepressants

serotonergic psychedelics - The serotonergic hallucinogenic drugs

來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonergic

NC377TT31張嘉芸

subcallosal gyrus胼胝體 腦回

形成大腦半球的組織

A slender vertical whitish band immediately anterior to the anterior commissure of the brain. Also called paraterminal gyrus, peduncle of corpus callosum.

NC377TT32彭寬哲 缺

NC377TT33林宜蒨

sympathetic【名】交感

參考資料：http://www.becomehealthynow.com/popups/sympathetic_bh.htm

NC377TT34高鳳徵

tegmentum 大腦腳蓋

Cellular region of the midbrain and pons below the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle.

中腦和橋腦細胞組成部分位於腦導水管和第四腦室的下面。

相關圖片：http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/deng-dongrui-2003-09-23/HTML/Deng_html_m140f38f0.png

相關網站：http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864264/Neuroscience/neuron/brain.htm

NC377TT35曾子倫 缺

NC377TT36劉曣晴 缺

NC377TT37葉姵妏 缺

NC377TT38白欣玉

Vasopressin《名》 增血壓素;血管壓縮素(增高血壓,抗利尿)

就是抗利尿激素 (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)，它可使血壓上升(故名之)，並促進水分再吸收。

參考資料：http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=1607062008255

NC377TT39林建宇

visceral

鰓弓,(同branchial a.). 2.內臟的

體內維持生命所需的器官有無橫紋的肌肉，例如：咽、喉、氣管及肺。受自律神經系統所支配，與呼吸、發聲及消化有聯繫。

NC377TT40萬祖君

Viscerosomatic

內臟與軀體的