Resources for Communication Problems

Sunday, January 27, 2008

NC3743佳吟

NC3743佳吟

Find relevant websites, neuroanatomical pictures, animation, or videos on the web, if available, to help you understand the issue.

NC018T1-11

Brodmann’s areas 分為許多部分,表格指出位置和功能

NC027L09

Describe the meninges,their locations, and their functions

描述腦膜的位置及功能

65頁的”MENINGES OF THE BRAIN”中有介紹他的位置及功能,一直到68頁都有相關內容,其中還包含了BOX 2-4

NC062F2-37

腦室系統相關關係的側面圖

NC081TT22

peduncle

In anatomy, a cerebral peduncle is a band of neurons, resembling a stalk, which connect varied parts of the brain. 在解剖學中一根神經元的帶子像一根梗連結多樣的大腦。
http://www.biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/3dobjl7.html
http://www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu/virtualbrain/BrainStem/16Pontine.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_peduncle

The cerebral peduncle, by most classifications, is everything in the mesencephalon except the tectum. The region includes the midbrain tegmentum, crus cerebri, substantia nigra and pretectum. The peduncles are also known as the crus cerebri. There are numerous nerve tracts located within this section of the brainstem. Of note, in the cerebral peduncular loop fibers from motor areas of the brain project to the cerebral peduncle and then project to various thalamic nuclei.

Inasmuch as the peduncles are an anatomic landmark, for details regarding the function of this area interested readers are referred to the individual referenced articles. On a broad scale, though, this area contains many nerve tracts conveying motor information to and from the brain to the rest of the body.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLqFiIVchbg

NC111F3-28

胼胝體的橫切面

NC117F4-03

生殖細胞的分裂形成

NC130TT35

conceptus

embryo or fetus with surrounding tissues: an embryo or fetus along with all the tissues that surround it throughout pregnancy, including the placenta, amniotic sac and fluid, and the umbilical cord 圍繞著胎兒或胚胎的組織︰一個胎兒或者在整個懷孕期間圍繞它的全部組織,包括胎盤,羊膜囊和液體,以及臍帶等
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/BGDlab3_4.htm
內有詳細懷孕週期胎盤發展的介紹http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Medicine/BGDlab3.htm
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=2eelyg_k5iw&feature=related

NC136F5-04

神經膠質以及它的位置及功能

NC151TT35

permeability

rate substance passes through porous medium: the rate at which something such as a liquid or a magnetic field passes through a membrane or other medium物質透過多孔的膜比率︰ 物質可能是一種液體或者一個磁場,透過一層膜或者其他媒介

滲透作用

盛在容器內的水,看來很平靜,可是其內的水分子實際上亦是在運動的,不過水分子太小,肉眼不能察覺罷了。每一種物質的分子都能不斷在運動的,即是說都有其一定的化學潛能(或化學勢)水的化學能稱為水潛能(或水勢),純水之水潛能較含有溶質的水之水潛能為高,而溶液裏溶質分子的濃度愈高,則該濃液之水潛能就越低(如上圖所示)。

為了方便起見,科學家把純水的水潛能定為零。所以,含有溶質的水之水潛能便小於零(即為負值,例如-2-5)。為什麼水潛能可以是負值呢?解釋起來倒也不難,打個譬喻,我們定了冰的溫度為0,因為乾冰的溫度比冰的溫度低攝氏氏78.5度,所以乾冰的溫度就是 -78.5了。

經實驗證明,水分子是會從水潛能高的系統移到水潛能低的系統的。

由上述討論可知,水分子能經一選擇性溶透膜由水濃度高處向水濃度較低處移動,此種現象,稱為溶透作用。水分子滲透之方向及多少,是決定於滲透性膜內外兩種溶液之水潛能的差別。再者,溶液之水潛能會因其所含溶質之多少而或低或高。溶質分子的存在會降低該溶液中溶劑之化學潛能。故此,在一細胞內,溶質之增加會使其水潛能降低(其值更負),即釋出水的能力減弱。此種因溶質之存在而影響細胞或溶液經選擇性滲透膜而釋出水之能力稱為滲透潛能(或滲透勢)。溶液愈濃(含溶質愈多),則其釋出水之能力愈低,亦即是其溶透潛能愈低。純水不含溶質,其溶透潛能定為零。如此,其他任何含溶質之溶液,其滲透潛能必低於水,故其值亦為負值。置於容器內之溶液,其水潛能與滲透潛能為相等,但在植物細胞內則未必,蓋因植物細胞於吸水或釋出水之過程中,其內流體靜壓力會有改變。細胞內液體愈多,則胞壁會愈硬脹,產生一向內之壓力,使液泡不能過分脹大,此力稱為壓力潛能(或壓力勢)。壓力潛能之增加,使細胞釋出水之能力增加,亦即是增加細胞內溶液之水潛能。由此可知,影響細胞內溶液之水潛能有兩個因素,就是滲透潛能和壓力潛能。其關係如下:

植物細胞內溶液之水潛能 =滲透潛能十壓力潛能

而在容器內之溶液,因不可能產生壓力潛能,故:溶液之水潛能=

http://ecaaser3.ecaa.ntu.edu.tw/weifang/Biology/Bio-H2O.htm

NC171F7-06

丘腦核的側面圖

NC190F8-04

將中心和外圍視野暫時畫分鼻的一半個領域和上面和更低的四分之一圓周

NC207TT30

Vitreous humor

fluid in gel filling eye: the fluid component of the gel vitreous body that fills the main cavity of the eye between the lens and the retina用填飽眼睛的凝膠的流體︰凝膠的流動的組成部分填補在晶狀體和視網膜之間的空間(玻璃體)
http://www.pacific-laser.com/cn/eye.html
玻璃體:為水晶體後面的透明膠狀物質,填充眼球的後腔(佔眼球腔五分之四),並維持眼球的形狀。玻璃體可讓光線透過而到達視網膜。年青人的玻璃體較為"固態",老年人或某些眼疾患者,其玻璃體較為"液化"。若因外傷或手術導致玻璃體流失,則無法再生。
http://www.clinico.com.tw/eye1/eye12/eye126/I126a.htm

NC227L04

Describe the mechanism of nystagmus

描述眼球震顫的機械作用

234頁中間有” Nystagmus”以及NC235F10-7有相關內容的介紹

NC247F11-09

A圖是肌肉纖維在梭外和梭內的伸展關係(肌肉紗錠)和緊張(Golgi )感受器。 B圖是Nuclear 袋和核鏈子纖維。 C圖是 Golgi 腱器官調停autogenic 抑制。

NC267F12-06

A圖是指小腦的功能單位。B圖主要說明小腦的運動神經運作的原則

NC288TT07

Bradykinesia

In medicine (neurology), bradykinesia denotes "slow movement" (etymology: brady = slow, kinesia = movement). It is a feature of a number of diseases, most notably Parkinson's disease and other disorders of the basal ganglia. Rather than being a slowness in initiation (see hypokinesia) bradykinesia describes a slowness in the execution of movement. 在神經學中bradykinesia 指示"遲鈍運動"(詞源︰慢的brady =kinesia = 運動)。這是一個許多疾病的特徵,最值得注意的是帕金森的疾病和基本的神經節的其他紊亂,而不是行為在開始過程中的緩慢。

柏金森氏症(Parkinson's disease)

柏金森氏症是老年人常患的疾病,是一種神經系統的疾病,主要是由於腦部基底神經節出現退化,以致影響控制肌肉運動和張力的能力,使手腳不自主地震顫。患者以男性居多,平均每千人中會有兩人患上柏金森氏病。

柏金森氏症的初期症狀包括手、臂和腿出現震顫,有節奏地點頭,兩手不自主地顫動,拇指和手指之間運動有如捻丸。症狀初時可能被人忽略,但逐漸症狀會愈來愈明顯。面部肌肉會慢慢變得僵硬,目無表情。此外,病人四肢會變得僵硬,走路時會愈來愈困難,病情嚴重時更有向後退比向前走更容易的情況出現。患者經常會有抑鬱的症狀。

http://www.healthno1.com/health/feature/html/fe-nerve-20000808a.html

這是一個運動遲緩者的故事共分為三集

http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=5je3_GQFGMk
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=D8JwK82YSts
http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=w0Y-Wyv86Ks

NC300L05

Explain the brainstem location of cranial nerve nuclei

說明在腦幹中神經核的位置

NC305F15-1圖有說明

NC327F15-19

A圖中是指腦幹複雜的表面。B圖是面部神經的感覺樹狀圖,以及神經分佈架構(腺體,咽和肌肉)

NC352TT13

lower motor neuron

motor neurona nerve cell in the spinal cord, rhombencephalon, or mesencephalon characterized by having an axon that leaves the central nervous system to establish a functional connection with an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue; somatic motor neurons directly synapse with striated muscle fibers by motor endplates; visceral motor neurons or autonomic motor neurons (preganglionic m. neurons), by contrast, innervate smooth muscle fibers or glands only by the intermediary of a second, peripheral, neuron (postganglionic m. neuron) located in an autonomic, or visceral motor, ganglion.是指在脊髓,菱腦或者以有突觸為特點的中腦裡的一個神經細胞交給中樞神經系統建立功能的與效應物(肌肉或者腺)組織的聯繫直接的體壁的運動神經元端板的有橫紋肌肉纖維的突觸
lower motor neuronclinical term used to indicate the final motor neurons that innervate the skeletal muscles; distinguished from upper motor neurons of the motor cortex that contribute to the corticospinal tract.臨床過去常常指示最後的運動神經元及其神經分部輪廓的肌肉從有助於腦緹直與脊髓間動神經元區分。
motor neuron疾病介紹的影片http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=YRA8Wjtbkv0

NC376P05

一個汽車業務員的故事,他發生了車禍造成意識不清,他失去了記憶也沒辦法自己做下決定也失去了原有的興趣。

NC378L08

Describe the venous-sinus system

描述靜脈竇系統

在第391頁中下方”VENOUS SINUS SYSTEM”中有說明以及NC393F17-11還有NC068F2-43都有提到相關內容

NC398TT13

Embolism

An embolism is the disorder of lodging a substance in a blood vessel so that blood flow is totally or partially obstructed. The substance could be air, a blood clot, tumor fragments, fat, amniotic fluid, bacteria, or parasites. 栓塞會使一種物質進入固定血管時被全部或者部分堵塞造成血流紊亂。這種物質可能是空氣,一塊血凝塊,瘤碎片,細菌或者寄生動物。

影片http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=8U9PBPrqfg0

較詳細的介紹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embolism

NC417P02

一個七十二歲男人的故事,他有高血壓、高膽固醇、呼吸阻塞的病史,他可能需要注意哪些事情

NC430F20-09

皮質的纖維神經束的顯影圖

NC081Q1

Denfine the following terms: basal ganglia, brainstem, dermatome, foramen magnum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, limbic lobe, meninges, septum pellucidum, tectum, tegmentum, thalamus

NC271Q1

Define the following terms: asthenia, asynergia, ataxia, diadochokinesia, dysarthria

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