NC455G瑞鴻

NC455G瑞鴻

術語

Caloric stimulation test

Test of vestibular function that involves irrigating the external auditory canal to evaluate the functioning of the labyrinth.

(溫差刺激試驗)

主要是用來檢查病人的迷路功能。若病人有一側耳朵的反應不對稱的降低，則可能是那一側之迷路、前庭神經或前庭神經核有病變。

參考網站：http://www.vghks.gov.tw/er/backup/new_page_12.htm

參考圖片：http://www.uq.edu.au/nuq/jack/Cold_Caloric_GIF.gif

Calvaria

Superior portion of the cranium, which has a domelike appearance.

(顱頂),(包括額,頂枕各骨)頭頂.

頭顱骨：由２９塊不同的骨組成，起著保護腦、眼和內耳的作用。嬰兒顱骨縫未閉時，在顱頂上有較大的空隙，叫前囟，前囟在出生後１２個月左右可閉合。

canal of Schlemm

Venous duct of the eye that drains the aqueous humor from anterior chamber of the eyeball.

(引流管)

capillary

Terminal branches of arteries that the that supply blood to the brain.

(毛細管)

由於耳蝸管裡充滿了淋巴液，淋巴液便開始流動，刺激耳蝸內部的毛細胞。毛細胞為連結聽神經的聽覺受器，經由纖毛的擺動，會引發電位反應，最後將音波訊號藉由聽覺迴路傳到大腦聽覺皮質，讓大腦辨識聲音的來源與音頻。

carbamazepine

Frequently used antiepileptic drug which is also used for pain management.

止痛劑一種,(對三叉神經痛)抗痙攣.

此藥物是一種常使用的抗癲癇藥物，也可以使用於治療三叉神經痛的疾病上。在精神科的使用，主要是用在治療躁鬱症的患者，雖然鋰鹽是最早被使用的藥物，但有一些對鋰鹽效果不好的患者，或是快速循環期發作的躁鬱症患者，此藥物是可以作為治療上選擇的藥物；在急性治療期後，同時也有預防再度發作的效果。此藥物的藥理作用是提高細胞膜穩定性，但實際的作用還不清楚。另一方面，在比較衝動性的病患，此藥物也常被使用作為治療的藥物。在精神分裂病患者，此藥物也被使用作為輔助性治療的藥物。

cardiac muscle

striated muscle fibers (cells) that form the wall of the heart. Stimulated by an intrinsic conduction system and autonomic motor neurons.

(心肌)

心肌兼具橫紋肌和平滑肌兩者的特性，它是不隨意肌，但有橫紋。它的收縮是自動而有韻律的，只有在心肌(myocardium)以及連接於心臟的大血管壁中分佈。在光學顯微鏡下觀察，一條心肌纖維是由數個心肌細胞連接而成，連接處稱為閨節(intercalated disks)。心肌細胞的細胞核居中，肌纖維有分支現象，這是和橫紋肌的差異處。

cardiac output (CO)

The measured volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart in 1 min, rending about 5.2L/min.

(心排出量)

carotid arterial system

Also known as the anterior blood circulating system. Supplies blood to the head, face, and brain through the external and internal carotid arteries.

(頸動脈系統)

carotid endarterectomy

Surgical procedure to remove occlusive sclerotic plaques through an incision in the internal carotid artery.

(頸動脈內膜切除)

carotid sinus

A dilated region of the internal carotid artery containing receptors of the vagus(CNX) nerve that monitor blood flow and pressure.

(頸總動脈竇)

carotid vascular system

System formed by the internal carotid artery that supplies blood to the brain by dividing into the middle and anterior cerebral arteries.

(頸動脈血管系統)

carpal tunnel syndrome

Pain and paresthesia of the hand caused by an entrapment of the median nerve. Seen in people involved with work requiring constant wrist movement.

(腕骨綜合症狀)

catabolism

Metabolic breakdown of complex substances into simpler substances, such as food digestion and oxidation of nutrient molecules for energy.

(分解代謝)

大分子物質新陳代謝而轉換成簡單的小分子物質, 譬如食物的消化和氧化作用而成為能量。

cataract

Age-induced painless formation of nontransparent fibrous protein that affects vision by clouding the lens. Medically treatable condition.

(白內障)

因水晶體混濁，導致視力障礙的一種疾病，通常可分為先天性與後天性兩種，其中又以後天性的老年性白內障為最常見。

參考圖片：http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19587.jpg

catastrophic reaction

Uncontrollable emotional behaviors and psychological reactions that generally result from traumatic experiences and shocking accidents. These behaviors are characterized by crying, screaming, and depression.

(災難性反應)

指異乎尋常的嚴重軀體或心理應激反應，特點是應對行為的崩潰，極度焦慮和休克。

catecholamine

Group of neurotransmitters that has and amine and catechol ring and includes epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

(兒茶酚胺),(有交感神經類同作用,包括:dopamine,epinephrine,norepinephrine由catechol合成而來).

兒茶酚胺是一種神經激素，對於心血管系統、平滑肌、神經內分泌的調節和代謝有廣泛生理作用。也是腎上腺素中的一種，主要控制運動神經元活性。兒茶酚胺是一種大腦在情緒壓力下會釋放出的化學物質，過多的兒茶酚胺會引發心腦血管疾病，嚴重時，甚至還會導致心肌梗塞。

cauda equine

Bundle of spinal nerve roots that arise from the lumbosacral region and run through the lumbar cistern before exiting the vertebral canal.

(馬尾,脊椎神經末端,呈馬尾狀).

脊髓尾端的部份，高度比脊椎骨的尾椎還要高，大約是位於第一節腰椎的部位。第一節腰椎以下的部位，是沒有脊髓的，只有由脊髓末端所分出來的脊髓神經根，稱之為馬尾。

參考圖片：http://www.greenvilleveterinaryhospital.com/resources/assets.pethealth/pics/2527.jpg

caudal

Toward back of brain or tail of the spinal cord.

(尾部的)

由腦向脊髓的後面或尾部。

參考圖片：http://www.anaesthesiauk.com/images/pain_caudal_image.jpg

caudate nucleus

Nucleus of basal ganglia circuitry that is involved with motor function.

(尾狀核),(與側腦室有關,弧形灰色).

與多巴胺有關的神經元，活化速率就會跟著提升；相對地，若是給予負面回饋，多巴胺傳送就會隨之下降。

參考圖片：http://epistemic-forms.com/L-basal-ganglia.jpeg

central canal

Narrow duct connecting the fourth ventricle with the lumbar cistern.

(脊椎管)

central gray

Reticular core of nuclei around the cerebral aqueduct.

(中樞灰質)

central nervous system

Consists of the brain and spinal cord. Integrates all incoming and outgoing information and generates appropriate responses.

(中樞神經系統)

central (penetrating) arteries

Smaller arteries that supply blood to the subcortical structures.

(中央動脈)