Resources for Communication Problems

Sunday, January 27, 2008

NC2124寬哲

NC2124寬哲

Quote web sources. Find relevant websites, pictures, animations, videos etc.

NC005T1-03

Commom areas included in a Neurologic Assessment

在神經學裡常見的區域

NC026TT25

Retrograde

Changes occurring in the proximal portions of a damaged axon . Also called Wallerian degeneration.

一損壞的axon在最近的部分方面發生變化,也稱Wallerian為退步

NC51F2-26

a. Transverse section of the medulla showing the internal anatomic regions of the tegmentum and pyramid. The tegmentum contains sensorimotor nuclei, the reticular formation, and passing fibers; the region contains pyramidal motor fibers.

髓質的橫向切塊顯示內部解剖學區域的錐狀體和大腦腳蓋,大腦腳蓋包含感覺運動細胞,網狀組織構造和通道纖維,這些區域包含錐狀體和運動纖維。

b. Corresponding transverse section of the medulla.

髓質符合的橫向切塊。

NC081TT06

Choroids plexus

Pia-capillary network invaginated in the ventricles. Produces cerebrospinal fluid.

在腔裡攝取的Pia毛細管網絡,生產cerebrospinal 流體。

NC097F3-15

Transverse section of the pons-midbrain junction through the inferior colliculus, caudal portions of the decussating of superior cerebellar peduncle, and rostral parts of the pons.

從內丘做橫向切片在橋腦與中腦的連接處,上部的小腦莖在尾部的部份交叉成十字狀,基部的橋腦為柱狀。

NC113TT32

Superior cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctivum)

Brachium conjunctivum . One of the fiber bundles that connects the cerebellum with the brainstem and motor cortex .

連結的臂狀突

NC130TT19

Lamina terminalis (hypothalami)

Thin plate derived from telencephalon. It is the rostral end of former neural tube. Later in development, it forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle of the cerebrum.

telencephalon形成的薄板,這是從神經管的rostral 末端,發展後形成大腦的第3 個腔的前面的層板。

NC130TT69

Vesicle (brain)

Subdivisions of the embryonic neural tube. Each with awall of neuroectoderm and a cavity.

;;(胚胎時,各種器官之原始胞囊狀態)

NC151TT19

Glia cells

Secondary cells( astroglia, microglia, and oligodendroglia ) in the nervous system that serve as supportive connective tissue.

第二細胞(astrogliamicroglia oligodendroglia) 做為支援的結締組織的神經系統。

NC164L02

Relate receptor types to corresponding modalities of sensation.

翻譯:描述感覺形式和相符合的接受器種類。

頁數:課文中的P164~P167

補充:http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=1306060711111

A. → 4.味蕾 → a.化學接受器

味覺

五種味覺由五種味蕾感受:甜味、鹹味、酸味、苦味、甘味(Umami)

B. → 3.毛細胞 → c.機械受器

聽覺

或許有會以為聽覺受器是鼓膜,其實不是,而是在耳蝸內的毛細胞
經由聲音引發共振再給予毛細胞刺激形成神經衝動。

C. → 2.化學接受器細胞 → a.化學接受器

嗅覺

在鼻腔上佈有嗅覺細胞的分布,而嗅覺細胞的受器種類高達上千種,可以感受不同空氣中分子結構,經過各種氣味的組合傳至大腦形成我們的嗅覺

D. → 1.錐細胞 → b.受光細胞

視覺

桿細胞:感受明度
椎細胞:感受色彩,有感受紅光波長、綠光波長和藍光波長之分。
(
位於視網膜上)

NC184TT17

Stereognosis

Identification of objects by tactual sensation of shape texture, and size.

鑑定物體從感覺形狀、質地和尺寸。

NC207TT14

luminosity curve

Visual representation of the spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors to light rays of various wavelengths.

對各種各樣的波長的光射線的photoreceptors的光譜的敏感性的視覺代表。

NC226TT01

Audiogram

Graphic representation of hearing thresholds for tones at various frequencies.

種各樣的頻率和音調的聽覺閾的圖解表示。

NC238L06

Explain the role of muscle spindles in reflexive motor functions.

翻譯:說明肌肉中的紡錘體在反射動作器官裡扮演的角色。

頁數:課文中的P246~P251

補充:

紡錘體也是微管蛋白的結構,其結構單位為 alphabeta-微管素 (tubulin)形成的二元體單位,在細胞質液中藉 GTP的能量驅動 tubulin dimer的組裝,所以在中心體的協助下,tubulin dimer可以更有效率的組合,如果沒有中心體,其實細胞也不削,乾脆自行組合,但效率較差。

NC259TT20

Stretch reflex

Skeletal muscle contraction resulting from passive or active stretching of the same muscle. It involves two-neuron reflex circuitry.

輪廓的肌肉收縮起因於被動或者主動的相同的肌肉的伸展。 它與兩神經元的反射電路學有關。

NC278F13-04

Origin and course of the pallidothalamic (ansa lenticularis and lenticular fasciculus) projections. The fibers of the ansa lenticularis travel around the internal capsule and enter the prerubral field (field H of Forel). The fibers of the lenticular fasciculus leave the inner globus pallidus and course through field H of Forel and join the fibers of the ansa lenticularis to form the thalamic fasciculus(field H ofForel). The thalamic fasciculus terminates in the ventrolateral and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus.

pallidothalamic(ansa lenticularis 和透鏡的fasciculus)的起源和路線。 ansa lenticularis的纖維在內囊周遭傳輸並且進入prerubral 領域(Forel的氫氣 領域) . 透鏡的fasciculus的纖維透過Forel的氫氣 領域留下內部globus pallidus 和課程, 參加ansa lenticularis的纖維形成thalamic fasciculus(H ofForel 領域) . thalamic fasciculus在視丘的ventrolateral 和腹的前面的原子核裡結束。

NC299TT03

Corticobulbar tract

Corticonuclear tract is a white matter pathway connecting the cerebral cortex to the brainstem (the term "bulbar" referring to the brainstem).

大腦皮質與延髓的通道

NC317F15-11

Oculomotor nucleus, course of its nerve fibers, and innervated ocular muscles.

關於眼球運動的神經,神經纖維傳送的過程和神經的支配與眼睛的肌肉。

NC350P05

A 39-year-old woman suffered a stroke while sleeping. When she woke, she was unable to speak and control her right limbs(arm and leg). She was taken to the emergency room where the examining neurologist the following:

Question: How can you explain the symptoms in relation to the right medullary lesion?

Discussion: This is a case of alternating hemiplegia in which a medullary lesion resulted in cranial nerve (LMN) symptoms on the ipsilateral side and hemiplegia (UMN) and hemianesthesia on the body contralateral to the lesion site. The lesion not only affected the cranial nerve projections but also interrupted long ascending and descending fibers:

病例為一個39歲的女人,當她睡覺時中風了,之後他不能說話而且身體的右側不能活動,後來被帶到急診室接受知名的神經學家檢查。

NC363T16-06

Limbic Structures and Their Function

邊緣構造和他們所具有的功能

NC377TT32

Supraoptic

hypothalamic

視丘下部的

NC396P03

A 59-year-old woman woke up blind in the right eye. She was taken to a hospital, where the attending physician noted the following:

Question: How can you account for these symptoms on the basis of your understanding of the vascular supply and the functional organization in the brain?

Discussion: The stroke involving the left occipital lobe accounts for the focal symptom of right homonymous hemianopsia. The sudden emergence of the symptom implies a vascular cause (gradual appearance of the symptoms indicates a tumor). The stroke affected the PCA, which supplies blood to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe (Figs. 17-3 and 17-4). The infarct was visualized only on a repeat CT because it takes nearly 36 hours for infarcts to show on CT.

NC404TT13

Ventricles

Interconnected brain cavities that produce, store, and circulate the cerebrospinal fluid.

相互連接生產的大腦室,並且循環易流動的cerebrospinal

NC421L08

Discuss the concept of the evoked potential technique.

翻譯:描述誘發電位技術的概念。

頁數:課文中的P437~P439

補充:

臨床上常用的誘發電位檢查包括視覺誘發電位(visual evoked potential)、聽覺誘發電位(auditory evoked potential)、體感覺誘發電位(somatosensory evoked potential),及運動誘發電位(motor evoked potential)

視覺誘發電位

是施以視覺性刺激(閃光或圖形反覆刺激),由視網膜接收後經視覺徑路傳到大腦枕葉之視覺反應區,記錄所激發的腦細胞電位活動。圖形反覆刺激所得之誘發電位(pattern reversal evoked potential),正常,清醒下呈"V"字形,含有二個負(N)波及一個正(P)波,其中又以正波P100之判讀最具意義,根據其潛期、振幅及波形之改變可用以診斷及定位視神經徑路之病變;如視神經炎、球後神經炎、多發性硬化症等。而聽覺誘發電位則是用聽覺刺激誘發聽神經反應,傳到大腦聽覺中樞之活動電位,以電極於頭部記錄而得。正常的腦幹聽覺誘發電位有七個波,分別代表聽神經到大腦顯葉之聽覺徑路。其中又以第135波最具臨床應用價值。可用於聽神經及腦幹病變之檢查定位,提高多發性硬化症之診斷率,評估昏迷患者之預後;同時可用於手術時監視聽神經及腦幹功能,避免開刀時之損傷。

體感覺誘發電位(SEP)

是經由刺激體感覺神經引發反應,沿著體感覺傳導徑路傳向脊髓背柱,再經腦幹、視丘到達大腦感覺皮質。傳統的感覺神經檢查只能偵測週邊神經的遠端病變,而體感覺誘發電位則可評估週邊神經的近端乃至中樞神經的整個傳導徑路。理論上任何一條感覺神經均可用以刺激獲得SEP,但一般較常作約為上肢的正中神經及尺神經和下肢的後脛神經及腓神經。臨床上體感覺誘發電位的記錄方法及反應波之命名,至今仍各家分歧,未完全統一,其反應波中以短潛期(short latency)之反應波較具臨床應用價值。以下以正中神經為例,提出較常用的一種檢查方法:以小量電流刺激腕部正中神經,電量大小恰足以引起大拇指輕微抽搐而不曾疼痛、刺激頻率約每秒2-5次,其刺激約1000次,然後加以平均,同時以四組記錄電極記錄反應波,其主記錄電極分別在Erb point(EP),第七頸椎(C VII)、第二頸椎(C ll)、及對側感覺皮質區(C3' or C4'),參考電極則均為前額的Fz處。由此四組記錄電極可記錄到三個負波、分別發生於9ms(N9)13ms(N13)、及19ms(N19),及一個正波(P22)。這些波之來源多已被證實,如N。起源於臂神經叢,N13可能來自脊髓後柱,N19起源於視丘,而P22來自視丘皮該放射。根據這些波之潛期、振幅及波間潛期(interpeak latency),及用兩側比較即可判別病變位置。其臨床應用範圍極廣,包括週邊神經近端病變、脊髓病變 (外傷)、腦幹及視丘病變、腦血管病變、及評估昏迷患者之預後等,同時可提高多發性硬化症之診斷,或應用於手術時監視以減少手術之後遺症。體感覺誘發電位是相當客觀的一種檢查,但它通常是由較大的髓稍纖維所產生,僅代表部分感覺神經徑路,因此檢查結果正常並不能排除所有感覺異常,這是臨床應用須考慮的。

運動誘發電位檢查(MEP)

是於頭部對應於大腦皮質運動區 (如手區或腳區)的部位給予刺激激發大腦的運動神經徑路而引起手或腳部肌肉的動作電位。此種運動誘發電位可用以評估由大腦運動皮質經皮質脊髓徑路傳導到運動神經元再到週邊肌肉的整個運動神經徑路之病變,如脊髓病變、脊髓外傷、多發性硬化症、運動神經元病變及週邊神經近端之病變。於大腦皮質刺激引發之運動誘發電位,再配合病人之隨意收縮(voluntary contraction)則會有加強作用,使電位振幅變大。此外也可直接於脊椎作刺激、激發運動神經根來引發運動電位,一般由第六頸椎刺激可引發上肢的肌肉動作電位,而於胸椎第十二節刺激則引發下肢的肌肉動作電位,但隨意收縮無法加強脊椎刺激引發之電位。一般用以激發運動誘發電位之電流強度很強,常造成頭皮及臉部肌肉強力收縮而引起不適 ,而磁圈刺激(magnetic coil stimulation)是利用磁圍在人體產生之磁場轉化為刺激電流來引發運動誘發電位,由於是一種無痛性刺激,已取代原先電流刺激方法。

NC450TT14

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is primarily used in medical imaging to visualize the structure and function of the body. It provides detailed images of the body in any plane.

磁共振成象(MRI) 被主要在醫學成像過程中使用想像身體的架構和功能,它提供在任何機器裡的身體的詳細的圖像。

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