Resources for Communication Problems

Sunday, January 27, 2008

NC420TT Chapt.19

NC420TT Chapt.19

NC420TT01李志岳 9580051

Acalculia

A form of aphasia characterised by the inability to perform simple mathematical problems; found with lesions of various areas of the cerebral hemispheres, and often an early sign of dementia.

計算能力不能,【醫】運算不能、失算症:計算功能的障礙, 患者不能利用數學符號進行運算。

NC420TT02李柔儀 9580052

Agnosia 阿茲海莫症

Agnosia is not Alzheimer

:gnosis, "non-knowledge", or loss of knowledge) is a loss of ability to recognize objects, persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is there any significant memory loss.[1][2] It is usually associated with brain injury or neurological illness, particularly after damage to the right parietal lobe.

出處: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosia

NC420TT03常德立 9580053

Agraphia

Impaired ability after brain damage to express through writing.

失寫症-書寫能力受損是由於損害大腦。

NC420TT04梁永恆 9580054

Alexia:

不能瞭解字義,多因大腦病變所造成。

There are different forms of alexia. Not all alexics suffer from deep, sematntic alexia

NC420TT05李海琪 9580056

Alzheimer disease

阿滋海默症

Etymology: Alois Alzheimer died 1915 German physician

Meaning: a degenerative brain disease of unknown cause that is the most common form of dementia, that usually starts in late middle age or in old age, that results in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation, and changes in personality and mood, and that is marked histologically by the degeneration of brain neurons especially in the cerebral cortex and by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques containing beta-amyloid — called also Alzheimer's

阿滋海默症是在1906年由德國神經學家Alois Alzheimer最先提出的一種退化性疾病,這種疾病是所有退化性疾病中最常見者。也是老年失智(dementia)最常見之原因,約佔所有失智症的65%。主要發生於成人後期或老年期初期,稱之為初老年期失智症(Pre-senile dementia)。老年期發生者,稱為老年型失智症

(senile dementia),因兩者病理變化相同,目前已全歸類為阿滋海默型老年失智症(Alzheimer type dementia)

阿滋海默症患者主要呈現出皮質性失智 (cortical dementia) ,早期特徵為記憶力變差、定向力障礙、空間感異常、抽象思考能力障礙、記算能力變差、語言受損,但是偶會見到運動不能、失用症。到較晚期時也會出現錐體外系統之症狀,病患走路僵硬、動作遲緩笨拙。

阿滋海默症到末期時,病人會呈現近乎去大腦皮質狀態,喪失思考、說話及運動所有功能,最後大小便失禁,無法自我照料,終至病臥床上,大多死於肺炎、尿路感染等併發症。病人的預期壽命,縮短為同年齡老人的 30-60%

NC420TT06 9580057

anosognosia

Anosognosia[]《名》 病覺缺失,患者無疾病感

Definition Ignorance of the presence of disease, specifically of paralysis. Most often seen in patients with non-dominant parietal lobe (大腦),頂葉lesions, who deny their hemiparesis []《名》 輕偏癱,半身輕癱..

Origin: G. A-priv. + nosos, disease, + gnosis, knowledge

NC420TT07何宏祥 9580062

Aphasia

中文解釋:失語症

英文解釋:inability to use or understand language (spoken or written) because of a brain lesion

由於腦部損害不能使用或瞭解語言(講話上或書寫上)

圖片位址:http://research.haifa.ac.il/~jmjaffe/mind/lecnotes/diction.gif

相關網站:http://research.haifa.ac.il/~jmjaffe/mind/lecnotes/week7.html

http://www.biol.ntnu.edu.tw/batman/PRESENTATION/PDF%20932/2.pdf

失語症 (Aphasia)是指患者因腦部病變而突然失去原有的語言能力,不能正確的使用語言或者不能瞭解語言的含意,而其語言障礙之表徵與腦皮質病變部位有關,常由於腦血管病變,及腦外傷所引起,偶而見於腦腫瘤及腦炎之病人。發音不良(Dysarthria)則是發音上的毛病,其語言的內容、形式和使用均正確無誤,常見於腦血管病變影響到九、十、十二腦神經功能的患者。

其分類法相當多,且雜亂,簡單可分五種形態:

1.表達性失語症 (Expressive aphasia, Broca's aphasia):病變位於左腦額葉的布洛克區,此類病人瞭解話語的能力和閱讀能力正常,但要說出、寫出就特別困難,嚴重時完全無法說出字。說話十分吃力,字句跳躍不連貫,常使用一兩個字或用手勢來代表他的意念。可用「愛你在心口難開」來形容。病人明白自已患有說話障礙,因而顯得煩躁沮喪。常伴有右側偏癱,因運動皮質區正鄰接布洛克區,且一般是上肢比下肢更嚴重。

2.接受性失語症 (Receptive aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia):病變位於左腦顳葉的渥尼克區。病人閱讀能力和瞭解別人談話內容的能力十分低落,談話平順而流暢,但內容則不知所云,沒有意義,甚至文法上有問題。像談話一樣,其寫文字的筆劃雖端正清楚,但內容雜亂無章。不能重覆對方的談話字句。可用「有聽沒有到,有看沒有懂」來形容。病人不明白句子。可用「有聽沒有到,有看沒有懂」來形容。病人不明白其本身有語言異常,故不顯得煩躁不安。此類病人一般沒有偏癱現象,因渥尼克區離運動皮質有一段距離。有時有同側偏盲(Homonymous hemianopsia)或象限盲(四分之一盲,Quadranopsia)等視覺障礙,因波及視放線(Optic radiation)之故。

3.傳導性失語症 (Conductive aphasia)病變位於左腦顳葉或頂葉,波及了弓狀束。病人可了解對方的談話內容和書報雜誌的內容,說話平順流暢,但措辭無當,語無倫次,無法與對方交談,無法照書出聲朗誦,重覆對方話語的障礙十分嚴重,書寫字體端正清晰,但內容雜亂,一般無法叫出物件的名稱。

4.舉名不能失語症 (Anomic aphasia):病變位於左腦角回。除了不能指出物件名稱之外,其他的語言能力正常,說話平順流暢,病人可了解書寫和談話內容,重覆對方話語的能力亦屬正常。

5.全面性失語症 (Global aphasia):由於左側大腦半球的大病變,波及了渥尼克區和布洛克區,除了有上述四種失語症的總合症狀外,還有右側癱瘓現象。最主要原因是中大腦動脈轄區內發生了大型的梗塞所致。

NC420TT08楊采駖 9480051

apraxia

中文意義:失用症

術語原意:loss of ability to carry out familiar, purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment

圖片:

http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/apraxia.html?pageNum=2

NC420TT09曾琦喻 9580002

ataxia

運動失調,肌肉協調的失敗; 肌肉行動不規則性且笨拙,喪失協調。

NC420TT10林淑儀 9580003

concussion

A violent shaking or jarring. Or an injury of a soft structure, as the brain, resulting from a blow or violent shaking.

NC420TT11徐凡鈞 9580005

Contusion挫傷;打傷;撞傷,

A bruise, also called a contusion or ecchymosis, is an injury to biological tissue in which the capillaries are damaged, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding tissue. It is usually caused by blunt impact. Bruises often induce pain but are not normally dangerous. Sometimes bruises can be serious, leading to other more life threatening forms of hematoma, or can be associated with serious injuries, including fractures and internal bleeding. Minor bruises may be easily recognized, in people with light skin color, by their characteristic blue or purple appearance (idiomatically described as "black and blue") in the days following the injury.

NC420TT12嚴英仁 9580006

Dementia失智症(癡呆症)

(英Dementia、德Demenz),其英文Dementia 一字來自拉丁語(de- 意指"遠離" + mens 意指"心智");是一種因腦部傷害或疾病所導致的漸進性認知功能退化,且此退化的幅度遠高於正常老化的進展。

特別會影響到記憶注意力語言解題能力。嚴重時會無法分辨人事時地物。失智症可分為可逆或不可逆,視疾病成因而異。只有不到10%的失智症是可逆的。失智症是個不特定的概括名詞。也稱癡呆症

NC420TT13徐瑞鴻 9580007

Dysarthria

《名》發音不良,發音困難,(由神經肌肉障礙所致).

發音困難而引起擠壓喉嚨的情形,容易導致呼吸系統和共鳴器官發生病變。

參考網站:http://dict.vghtpe.gov.tw/

Look Dysarthria up in this or other dictionary and show the result

NC420TT14蔡宜菁 9580008

Hemiparesis

輕偏癱,半身輕癱

主要是由於Corticospinal tract的病變,而無法將前業傳出的訊息傳到脊髓的運動神經元,所以導致肌肉無法移動

Corticospinal tract的圖

圖片出處:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corticospinal_tract

NC420TT15林熲齊 9580009

Hippocampus:海馬體

NC420TT16楊松儒 9580011 缺交

NC420TT17謝侑倫 9580012

hyponatremia

低血鈉是一種生理現象,血漿內的鈉過少,低於一般標準值。

NC420TT18蔡仁釧 9580013 缺交

NC420TT19吳馥榕 9580014

Neurofibrillary tangles神經微纖維糾結

Neurofibrillary tangles神經微纖維糾結—Age-induced twisting of fibers in the soma of nerve cells, often associated with Alzheimer disease. These are also found in the brains of Down syndrome patients.

由年齡引起的神經細胞細胞體的纖維纏繞,通常與阿茲海默氏症有關。在唐氏症患者的腦中也有發現過。

參考資料

小小神經科學:阿茲海默症

Neurofibrillary tangles

www.ahaf.org/alzdis/about/AmyloidPlaques.htm 附圖

NC420TT20鄭雁之 9580015

paraphasias失語症

Inappropriate selection of words and phonemes commonly seen in aphasia.

失語症 (也稱為吞嚥困難 ,其中一宗敗訴的能力來說,正確,可以代替一個字又和變化,換句話說及判刑,在一個不恰當的方式。 The patient's speech is fluent but is said in an error, e.g.病人的講話,是流利,但說是在一個錯誤,例如: 'treen' instead of 'train'. ' treen ' ,而不是'火車'

Paraphasia can be further sub-divided into 3 categories: Literal/phonological paraphasia, neologistic paraphasias and verbal paraphasias. paraphasia可以再細分為3個類別:字面/音韻paraphasia neologistic paraphasias和口頭paraphasias In literal/phonological paraphasia, more than half of the spoken word is said correctly.在字面/音韻paraphasia ,一半以上的口語詞,是說,正確的。 An example could be saying pun instead of spun.一個例子,可以說,雙關語,而非紡。 Neologistic refers to a spoken word that is said less than half correct. neologistic指的是一個口語詞,是說,只有不到一半是正確的。 Occasionally the word is not said correctly at all.偶爾這個詞是不正確的說,在所有。 This is common in the speech of patients with schizophrenia .這是常見的,在這篇演說的精神分裂症患者。 The last is verbal paraphasia where another word is substituted for the target word.最後是口頭paraphasia而另一個字是用以替代目標單詞。

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