Resources for Communication Problems

Monday, March 17, 2008

CA204R11.4

CA204R11.4

撰寫人:4754 永恆

Below in alphabetical order is a list of all the terms and definitions that you learned in Chapter 11. Cover the definitions with a sheet of paper, and word your way down the list of terms, defining them to yourself as you go. Repeat this process until you have gone through the list twice without an error. Then, cover the terms and word your way down the list of definitions, providing the correct terms as you go. Repeat this second process until you have gone through the list twice without an error.

在下面的字母順序是你從第十一章學習到的術語和解釋清單。用一張紙把解釋蓋住,依你自己的方法沿著清單往下自己解釋他們。重複這個過程直到你完成這張清單兩次並沒有一個錯誤。然後,蓋著術語並沿著解釋,提供正確的術語。重複這第二個過程直到你完成兩次並沒有一個錯誤。

CA204R01

Amygdala杏仁核

The almond-shaped limbic nucleus that is located in the medial temporal lobe just anterior to the hippocampus; it is thought to link feelings of fear and anxiety to appropriate stimuli and defensive responses.

杏仁狀的邊緣核是位於顳葉中間海馬迴前面;它被認為是連接恐懼和焦慮到適合的刺激和防衛反應。

Supplement

Picture:

http://www.exn.ca/news/images/1998/08/10/19980810-amygdala.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Constudoverbrain.gif

CA204R02

Hypothalamus下視丘

The diencephalic structure that is located just inferior to the anterior thalamus; electrical stimulation of some areas of the hypothalamus can elicit defensive responses.

間腦的結構是位於丘腦下方;有些下視丘區域的電刺激能夠引起防衛反應。

Supplement

Picture

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Illu_diencephalon_.jpg

http://www2j.biglobe.ne.jp/~fkamiya/HB/images/F1405.jpg

Explanation

http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/hypopit/anatomy.html

CA204R03

Lateral hypothalamus下視丘側部

The large lateral region of the hypothalamus; large bilateral lesions of this area produce various motor disturbances and a general insensitivity to stimulation.

下視丘的大側部區域;這區域的雙邊大損害產生不同的運動失調和普遍對刺激不敏感。

Supplement

Picture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:HypothalamicNuclei.PNG

CA204R04

Lateral preoptic area前視區側部

The lateral half of the preoptic region of the hypothalamus; it contains osmoreceptors that respond to increases in extracellular salt concentration.

下視丘的前視區半側;它包含滲透壓感受器去反應增加細胞外鹽濃度。

Supplement

Function

http://www.jneurosci.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/17/6640

CA204R05

Lateral tegmental field大腦腳蓋區側部

An area of the mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation just anterior to the fourth ventricle; it plays a role in male copulatory behavior via a pathway from the ventromedial nucleus.

在第四腦室前面的中腦和橋腦網狀結構的區域;它在男性交配行為中扮演一個經過腹正中核的路徑角色。

Supplement

Fucntion

http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/abstract/277/5/R1462

http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/2000/issue3/jakus.htm

CA204R06

Locus coeruleus藍斑核

A noradrenergic pontine nucleus near the boundary between the pons and midbrain; many of its neurons are active during SWS and inactive during REM sleep.

一個接近於腦橋和中腦邊緣的產生去甲狀腺素的腦橋核;它的核很多在慢波睡眠活躍並在快速動眼期中活不活躍。

Supplement

Explanation

http://www.csbmb.princeton.edu/conte/pdfs/project5/Proj5Pub09.pdf

Picture

http://biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/images/3D%20Objects/Locus%20Coeruleus.gif

CA204R07

Medial preoptic area視前葉中區

The medial area of the preoptic hypothalamus; it plays a role in male copulatory behavior.

視前下視丘中間的區域;它扮演男性交配行為的角色。

Supplement

Picture

http://nawrot.psych.ndsu.nodak.edu/Courses/Psych465.S.02/projects/reproduction/MPOA_files/image002.jpg

Function

http://www.umich.edu/~psycours/531/female_sex_behavior/sld015.htm

CA204R08

Mesotelencephalic dopamine system中腦區域的多巴胺系統

The system of dopaminergic neurons that projects from the tegmentum of the mesencephalon to various telencephalic sites, including frontal cortex, striatum,

septum, cingulate cortex, amygdale, and nucleus accumbens.

多巴胺能核的系統從中腦的大腦腳蓋發射到不同的終腦位置,包括腦額葉皮質、紋狀體、隔膜、扣帶腦皮層、杏仁孔和阿肯柏氏核。

Supplement

Explanation

http://ceci.uprm.edu/~ephoebus/id88.htm

CA204R09

Nucleus accumbens阿肯柏氏核

A nucleus of the ventral striatum that is adjacent to the basal forebrain; it is a major terminal of the mesotelen-cephalic dopamine system.

腹側紋狀體的核接近前腦的基部;它是中腦區域的多巴胺系統一個主要的終點站。

Supplement

Picture

http://www.biocfarm.unibo.it/aunsnc/images/3D%20Objects/Accumbens%20Nucleus.gif

http://www.biovita.fi/nucleus_accumbens.jpg

Function

http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/i/i_03/i_03_cr/i_03_cr_par/i_03_cr_par.html

CA204R10

Orbitofrontal cortex眼窩額皮質

The cortex on the inferior surface of the frontal lobes (orbito means near the eye sockets or orbits); it is thought to be the area through which cortical processing influences the limbic system.

額葉表面下方的皮質(眼眶意思是接近眼窩或眼眶);它是被認為是皮質處理影響邊緣系統的區域。

Supplement

Picture

http://www.dangoldstein.com/dsn/archives/orbitofrontal%20cortex.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/OFC.JPG

撰寫人:4856 海琪

CA205R11 

Paraventricular nucleus

腦室旁核

A nucleus in the dorsal medial region of the hypothalamus just above the dorsomedial nucleus; bilateral lesions to this nucleus or to the fibers that project to it through the ventromedial hypothalamus produce overeating and obesity.

一位在下視丘背內側區域的細胞核,恰好在背內側核的上方;這個細胞核或纖維的雙邊損傷可藉由下視丘腹內側所引發的過度進食以及肥胖而投射出來。

相關網頁:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraventricular_nucleus

http://www.tafm.org.tw/Data/011/283/200802.htm

相關圖片:

http://www.nature.com/nrd/journal/v5/n11/images/nrd2136-i1.jpg

http://brainmaps.org/index.php?i=paraventricular+nucleus+of+hypothalamus

CA205R12

Periaqurductal gray

導管旁灰質

The area of the mesencephalon around the cerebral aqueduct; it plays a role in female copulatory behavior via a pathway from the ventromedial nucleus.

在中腦環繞大腦導管的區域;經由腹內側核的傳遞路徑,在女性性行為中扮演著重要角色。

CA205R13

Pontine reticular formation

橋腦的網狀構造

The portion of the reticular formation that is located in the pons; it contains cholinergic nuclei that play a role in REM sleep and noradrenergic and serotonergic nuclei that play a role in SWS.

位在橋腦的部分網狀結構,它包含膽鹼激性的神經核,扮演著REM睡眠的角色;也包含了正腎上腺素性和血清素的神經核,扮演著SWS的角色。

SWSSlow Wave Sleep慢波睡眠

相關網頁:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedian_pontine_reticular_formation

http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-499964/reticular-formation

http://www.npi.ucla.edu/sleepresearch/science196/science196.pdf

相關圖片:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gray694.png

http://www.vet.upenn.edu/research/centers/lnms/remanat.html

CA205R14 

Raphé nuclei

縫核

The vertical sheet of serotonergic nuclei that runs along the midline of the reticular formation; electrical stimulation of some the raphé nuclei can elicit defensive responses and many of its neurons are active during SWS.

是沿著網狀結構中線行走的垂直片血清素性神經核,一些縫核的電刺激能誘出自衛反應以及大多數縫核的神經元在SWS時很活躍。

相關網頁:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphe_nuclei

http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=1607022210064

相關圖片:

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Gray701.png

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gray694.png

CA205R15 

Retinohypothalamic tracts

下視丘視網徑

Tracts that leave each eye as part of the optic nerve and project bilaterally to the suprachiasmatic nuclei; the neural paths by which the light-dark cycle influences circadian rhythms.

如部分視神經一樣,下視丘視網徑為離開各眼球和雙側視交叉上核所投射的路徑,其神經的路徑是由光喑週期影響著晝夜性節律。

相關網頁:

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/clockworks/pdfs/1997pacapjneuro.pdf

CA205R16

Sexually dimorphic nucleus

性同質二形核

A nucleus of the medial preoptic area that is several times bigger in male rats than in female rats.

為神經核的內側視交叉前的區域,通常公鼠的會比母鼠的大數倍。

相關網頁:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic_nucleus

CA205R17 

Subfornical organ

穹窿下器

The structure in the ceiling of to the third ventricle, just below to the fornix, where angiotensin II acts to induce the thirst associated with hypovolemia.

第三腦室的頂部結構,位在穹隆下面,為血管收縮素II誘發口渴與血量減少的地方。

相關網頁:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfornical_organ

http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-570668/subfornical-organ

http://www.actaps.com.cn/paper/199901/article/07.htm

http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/bbb_c.htm

相關圖片:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gray715.png

CA205R18

Substantia nigra

黑質

A nucleus of the tegmentum; it contains the cell bodies of many the neurons that compose the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

為蓋膜的神經核;它包括許多神經元的細胞體,組成mesotelencephalic多巴胺系統。

相關網頁:

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19515.htm

相關圖片:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cn3nucleus.png

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bild:Human_brain_frontal_%28coronal%29_section_description_2.JPG

CA205R19 

Suprachiasmatic nuclei

視交叉上核

A pair of small hypothalamic nuclei that are located just superior to the optic chiasm; the location of the circadian timing mechanism.

一對位於視交叉上方的小下丘腦核,為晝夜節律(24小時為週期)的時間機制的發生位置。

補充資料:

下丘腦與晝夜節律 損毀鼠下丘腦腹側中央部﹐動物攝食﹑飲水和活動的晝夜節律消失。已經發現視交叉上核和下丘腦前區對維持晝夜節律具有重要作用﹐損毀視交叉上核﹐鼠的飲水﹑運動﹑動情週期﹑體溫變化等多種晝夜節律性活動都會消失。視交叉上核接受視系統的纖維傳入﹐並對松果腺的功能有影響。

相關網頁:

http://gibms.cgu.edu.tw/gibms/modules/cjaycontent/groups/physipharm/cv/RCH.html

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8

相關圖片:

http://universe-review.ca/I10-59-suprac.jpg

相關影片:

http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=5C-YCWyAQXU

CA205R20  

Ventral tegmental area

腹側蓋膜區

The area of the ventral tegmentum medial to the substantia nigra; it contains the cell bodies of many of the neurons that compose the mesotelencephalic dopamine system.

為腹內側蓋膜到黑質的區域;它包括許多神經元的細胞體,組成mesotelencephalic多巴胺系統。

補充資料:

腹側被蓋區(Ventral tegmental area;簡寫為VTAtegmentum是拉丁文中「覆盖」的意思)是中脑的一個區域,也稱為腹側蓋區。這個區域靠近黑質(substantia nigra)與紅核(red nucleus),富含多巴胺與血清素神經元,是兩條主要的多巴胺神經通道(neural pathway)的一部份:

1. 中腦邊緣系統通道(mesolimbic pathway),從VTA通往阿肯伯氏核(nucleus accumbens)。

2. 中腦皮層通道(mesocortical pathway),從VTA通往額葉皮質。

科學家認為腹側被蓋區是愉悅系统或是報償迴路(reward circuit,獎勵作用與行為刺激的主要來源)的一部分。當一個行動產生愉悅的時候,能夠刺激腹側被蓋區;另外中樞神經興奮劑(psychostimulant,例如古柯鹼)也能直接刺激這個區域。因此腹側被蓋區被認為與神經生物學理論中的成癮現象有關。

同時腹側被蓋區也處理許多種情緒與安全感,因此可能與迴避作用(avoidance)及恐懼制約(fear-conditioning)有關。

相關網頁:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmental_area

相關圖片:

http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/Homepage/Class/Psy341K/Salinas/Disorders03.GIF

CA205R21 

Ventromedial nucleus

腹內側核

The major nucleus of the ventral medial region of the hypothalamus; large bilateral lesions of this nucleus produce overeating and obesity by promoting the conversion of blood glucose to body fat; it also plays a role in female copulatory behavior.

為下視丘腹內側區域的主要神經核;大部分腹內側核的雙邊損傷會引起過度進食及肥胖,是由於它能提升體內的血糖轉換成體脂肪;它在女性性行為亦扮演著重要的角色。

補充資料:

下丘腦與攝食及飲水行為

下丘腦是中樞神經系統中調節攝食和能量代謝的主要部位。下丘腦外側部可能存在攝食中樞,電刺激此區引起攝食增加,損毀此區導致動物攝食減少或拒食。下丘腦腹內側核可能存在飽中樞,電刺激此區引起動物攝食減少,損毀此區導致動物攝食增加而發胖。動物在飢餓或血糖水平降低時,下丘腦外側區神經元活動增加,腹內側核神經元活動減弱;靜脈注入葡萄糖後,下丘腦腹內側核神經元活動增加,下丘腦外側區神經元活動減弱。可見兩中樞神經元活動有交互抑制現象。

單胺能系統在調節食慾中也起重要作用,刺激和損毀下丘腦外側區或腹內側核,引起攝食活動的變化,可能與通過腹內側核的5-羚色胺纖維和通過下丘腦外側區的去甲腎上腺素纖維受刺激或損毀有關。

內源性阿片肽、膽囊收縮素、促甲狀腺激素釋放激素及蛙皮素等均有調節攝食的作用。下丘腦性肥胖,可能與攝食過度、交感與副交感系統不平衡及小腸對糖吸收增強等因素有關。

下丘腦對水平衡的調節包括: 控制抗利尿激素的分泌和釋放; 控制渴感和飲水行為。下丘腦特異性滲透壓感受器可能位於視上核及其鄰近部分,它既能感受滲透壓的變化,又能分泌抗利尿激素。非特異性滲透壓感受器可能位於下丘腦前外側,對滲透壓刺激、聲光等非損傷性刺激都發生反應。

機體內缺水導致血量減少,從而既可刺激容量(牽張)感受器,作用於下丘腦來調節渴,飲和抗利尿激素的分泌;又可刺激腎臟釋放腎素,腎素使血管緊張素無轉變為血管緊張素,後者既促進醛固酮分泌導致腎對鈉和水的重吸收的加強,又刺激下丘腦引起渴感和抗利尿激素的分泌。血管緊張素嗜飲作用的中樞受體最敏感部位是穹窿下器官,第三腦室腹前部和隔區。

飲水中樞靠近攝食中樞。電刺激此區,使動物飲水增多,損毀此區使動物飲水減少乃至不飲,臨床觀察及動物實驗表明,損毀視上核和室旁核區,可產生尿崩症

相關網頁:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventromedial_nucleus

相關圖片:

http://brainmaps.org/index.php?i=ventromedial+nucleus+of+hypothalamus

相關影片:

http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=s1sZ47s8h_M

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