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NC185-207O Chapt.08-1
Chapter 8 VISUAL SYSTEM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NC185L01
Outline the anatomy of the eyeball and describe the function of these structures
概述眼球內部解剖構造以及描述這些結構的功能
P185~188、Fig.8-2A、Fig.8-2B
NC185L02
Describe the structures of the retina and their functions.
描述視網膜的結構和他的功能。
這個學習目標是要我們在上完這一章後可以描述視網膜的結構和他的功能，188頁到192頁是有關視網膜的一些介紹。
視網膜在眼睛後方，含有可以回應光線的細胞。這些具特殊功能的細胞稱作光受體。在視網膜中有兩種光受體：桿細胞與視錐細胞。
NC185L03
Explain structural and functional differences between cones and rods
解釋圓錐體和桿狀體的構造和功能上的不同
P188~190 Figure8-3 Table8-1
NC185L04
Provide an account of photochemistry of retinal photoreceptors.
解釋視網膜上的感光體之光化學反應
可參考NC189F8-3之詳述
NC185L05
Discuss the mechanism of color vision and its disorders.
談論顏色視覺的機制和它的障礙。
課本內容：191~192頁
NC185L06
Explain the neural mechanism of dark adaptation
說明對暗適應的神經系統的機制
黑暗環境的適應稱為暗適應
在光亮的地方進入暗處後，會有一小段時間眼睛是看不見的，而眼睛需要7至30分中作調整才能適應，這些時間是視網膜紫質去作修復。
剛開始在比較亮的環境，所以由cones負責；進入到比較暗的環境後，就慢慢交由rods接手。而這個生理特性過程也造成轉換現象，也就是亮適應時一樣亮的紅花與藍花，暗適應後看起來藍花比紅花亮，主要由於cones與rods對不同波長的光敏感度不同，所以產生這個現象。
在眼睛的暗適應期，加紅色光可刺激錐狀細胞作用，縮短適應時間。
桿體(rods)
含有外端具感光性的光化學物質：視紫素，能夠在低亮度的環境反應明暗的訊號，提供類似單色的「黑白」視覺，解析力遠比錐體低劣。（負責黑白環境）
錐體(cones)
含有三種對於紅、綠、藍感光的不同色素，分別對不同波長的光最敏感（負責色彩環境）
課本p192
NC185L07
Describe optical properties of normal vision.
→描述正常視覺的光學特徵
§ 課本185~194頁及Figure8-1、Figure8-2、Figure8-3、Figure8-4、Figure8-5、Figure8-6、Figure8-7、Table8-1
NC185L08
Define common errors of refraction and their optical remediations
定義視覺折射錯誤及更正錯誤的輔具
P.200-202
NC185L09
Discuss the central visual pathway.
討論中樞視覺路徑
P.195~197 Figure8-8、Table8-2、Table8-3
NC185L10
Relate visual field defects with lesion sites.
連結視覺區缺陷與機能障礙(器官損害)部位。
→NC203T8-04、NC203F8-14
NC185L10
NC185L11
Describe the neural mechanism of visual reflexes
形容視覺反射的神經機制
P.192 Optical Mechanism開始提到許多的視覺神經機制。P.196的Visual Reflexes的大標題之下有Pupillary Light Reflex和Accommodation Reflex等反射反應。
ANATOMY OF THE EYE
Eyeball
Retina
Distribution of Photosensors
Functions of Photosensors
VASCULAR SUPPLY OF THE RETINA
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF RETINA
Spectral Sensitivity
Color Vision
Dark Adaptation
OPTICAL MECHANISM
Refraction
Lens Types
Optics of the Eye
Refraction by the Lens
Pupillary Aperture
Convergence
Retinal Image Formation
CENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAYS
Retinal Representation of Visual Fields
Table 8-2
Retinal Representation to Optic Chiasm
Retinal Representation to the Lateral Geniculate Body
Retinal Representation to the Visual Cortex
Primary Visual Cortex
VISUAL CORTEX DEVELOPMENT
VISUAL REFLEXES
Pupillary Light Reflex
Figure 8-9
Figure 8-10
Accommodation Reflex
CLINICAL CONCERNS
Errors of Refraction
Hypermetropia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Disorders of Color Vision
Visual Acuity Assessment
Visual Field Defects
Table 8-4
Monocular Blindness
Bitemporal, or Heteronymous Hemianopia
Nasal Hemianopia
Homonymous Hemianopia
Homonymous Left Superior Quadrantanopsia
Homonymous Left Inferior Quadrantanopsia
Primary and Association Visual Cortices
LESION LOCALIZATION-RULE 4: VISUAL PATHWAY LESION
Presenting Symptoms and Rationale
CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS
PATIENT ONE
PATIENT TWO
PATIENT THREE
PATIENT FOUR
PATIENT FIVE
PATIENT SIX
SUMMARY
The visual system is concerned with image perception, which involves four events: (1) the lens and cornea of the eye refract light rays (2) retinal photoreceptor cells then convert the electromagnetic energy of the light rays into changes in the membrane potential; (3) through integrating processing by other retinal neurons, the retinal ganglion transmits generated action potentials to the thalamus with relay to the visual cortex. (4) Finally, visual images are perceived in the primary visual cortex and interpreted in the associational visual cortex. Optical disturbances affect image formation, whereas lesions interrupting visual fibers result in different visual field losses.
視覺系統有關於圖像知覺，包含4個項目：(1)眼睛的晶狀體和角膜折射光射線(2) 視網膜上的視覺接受細胞把光射線的電磁能量轉變成膜電位的電位差；(3) 經由視網膜神經元的合成過程，視網膜神經節的傳導產生動作電位到視丘再傳達到視覺皮層。(4) 最後，視覺影像在首要視覺皮層裡被察覺並且在聯想的視覺皮層裡解釋。視覺的騷動影響成像，而打斷視覺纖維的損害導致不同的視野損失。
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