NC027-081O Chapt.02-1

Chapter 2 Gross Anatomy of the Centeal Nervous System

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

STRUCTURES OF CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS

Figure 2-1

PRIMARY DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN

Figure 2-2

Table 2-1

GROSS STRUCTURES OF THE BRAIN

Telencephalon

Cerebral Hemispheres

Figure 2-3

Figure 2-4

Figure 2-5

Figure 2-6

Cortical surfaces

Dorsolateral Surface

Frontal Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Table 2-2

Temporal Lobe

Ventral Surface

Figure 2-7

Midsagittal Surface

Frontal Lobe

Figure 2-8

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe

Figure 2-9

Figure 2-10

Temporal Lobe

Figure 2-10

Additional Structures

Figure 2-11

Figure 2-12

Insular Lobe

Figure 2-13

Limbic Lobe

Figure 2-14

Basal Ganglia

Figure 2-15

Figure 2-16

Figure 2-17

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Table 2-3

Globus Pallidus

Claustrum

Amygdloid Nucleus

Diencephalon

Thalamus

Figure 2-18

Figure 2-19

Figure 2-20

Hupothalamus

Brainstem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

Figure 2-25

Figure 2-26

Cerebellum

Cerebellar Peduncles

Figure 2-30

Input to the Cerebellum

Output from the Cerebellum

Spinal Cord

Anatomic Structure

Figure 2-27

Figure 2-28

Figure 2-29

Figure 2-30

Figure 2-31

Figure 2-32

Figure 2-33

Figure 2-34

Table 2-04

Networking of Spinal Nerves

Spinal Regulation of Muscles for Respiration

VENTRICLES

Lateral Ventricles

Third Ventricle

Fourth Ventricle

MEDULLARY CENTERS IN THE BRAIN

Projection Fibers

Association Fibers

Commissural Fibers

MENINGES OF THE BRAIN

Dura Mater

Falx Cerebri

Tentorium Cerebri

Falx Cerebelli

Arachnoid Membrane

Pia Mater

MENINGES OF THE SPINAL CORD

Spinal Dura Mater

Spinal Arachnoid Membrane

Spinal Pia Mater

CRANIAL NERVES

Nomenclature

Functions

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

LESION LOCALIZATION

Rule 1: Cortical Lesion

Presenting Symptoms

Rationale

Additional Information

Rule 2: Subcortical Lesion

Presenting Symptoms

Rationale

Additional Information

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS

PATIENT ONE

PATIENT TWO

PATIENT THREE

PATIENT FOUR

PATIENT FIVE

PATIENT SIX

PATIENT SEVEN

SUMMARY

The human nervous system, which consists of the CNS (brain and spinal cord)and PNS (spinal and cranial nerves), is the generator of the electrical and chemical energy that controls body parts and their functions. The brain is responsible for initiating, controlling, and regulating all sensorimotor and cognitive (mental) functions. The spinal cord mediates sensory and motor commands, both somatic and visceral, to and from body parts that interact with the environment. The bony shell of the skull; the vertebral column; and the dural, arachnoid, and pial layers of the meninges protect the CNS. CSF in the subarachnoid space also helps protect the brain and spinal cord by serving as a mechanical buffer. Embryologically, the brain is derived from three vesicles; prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon. The cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, limbic lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus, and lateral and third ventricles are derived from the prosencephalon. The mesencephalon decelops into the midbrain and cerebral aqueduct, whereas the rhombencephalon gives rise to the pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and fourth ventricle . Each of these structures serves a specific sensorimotor or regulating function. The PNS, which includes spinal and cranial nerves, extends to organs, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and skin surfaces, forming an extensive network of cables and fine wires through the body. The PNS consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic motor and sensory nerves innervate skeletal muscles, whereas the autonomic sensory and motor nerves innervate the visceral organs and glands. Cranial nerves regulate the sensory and motor functions of the face and head.

人類的神經系統是由中樞神經系統(大腦和脊柱)和周邊神經系統(脊髓和大腦神經)，是電位和化學能量的產生器，能控制身體的很多部位和他們的功能。大腦是負責開始、控制和管理所有知覺和認知的功能。脊柱是調解感覺和運動的控制，包括身軀和內臟與環境的接收和傳輸交互作用。頭骨的骨頭；脊椎圓柱；硬膜的蛛網膜；腦膜保護中樞神經。腦脊液在蛛網膜下的空腔也幫助保護大腦和脊柱藉由扮演一個物理的緩衝器。胚胎學者認為大腦是起源於三個小囊泡；前腦、中腦和菱形腦。大腦半球、基底神經節、邊緣體、丘腦、下丘腦，和側向及第三心室皆來自於前腦。中腦發展成腦部中間和大腦導水管，然而後腦發生腦橋、小腦、 延髓，和第四心室。這些結構每個都可作一個特殊的感覺運動來用或做調控的作用。周邊神經系統包括脊髓神經和腦神經，延伸到器官、肌肉、關節、血管，和皮膚表面，形成像是電纜和細金屬絲穿越身體般的廣泛網路。周邊神經系統包括軀體神經系統和自主神經系統。體運動神經和體感覺神經分布在骨骼肌引起刺激, 然而自主感覺神經和自主運動神經分布在內臟器官和腺體。腦神經調控臉部和頭部的感覺和運動功能。

QUIZ QUESTIONS

TECHNICAL TERMS