NC351S15

Ch15 Summary

The human cranial nerves are the result of evolutionary modifications to a basic vertebrate pattern of CNS organization, constructed of ~40 bilaterally symmetrical repeating segments. During development, the first 2 nerves ( olfactory [ CN I] and optic [ CN II] ) became elaborated as the forebrain and involve the thalamus before reaching the cortex. The remaining 10 cranial nerves originate from the brainstem and innervate the muscles of the head, neck, face, larynx, tongue, and pharynx. These muscles serve speech, resonance, swallowing, facial expression, chewung, and phonation. Besides serving special senses such as vision, audition, smell, and taste, the cranial nerves regulate autonomic secretive functions of glands in the oral, nasal, and orbital cavities.

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摘要：第一段是在說「人類的腦神經是脊索動物中樞神經組織的基本演化及改進的結果，構造為~兩側成對且重複的部份，發展的期間，前兩對腦神經變成怎樣怎樣，剩下的十對腦神經分別從腦幹去支配各個部位的肌肉等。」

Some cranial nerves mediate only sensation, whereas others exclusively serve motor functions. However, most nerves have both sensory and mortor functions. Some cranial nerves serve only a single functional component, whereas others contain fibers to serve two or more functional components. Several mortor cranial nuclei receive corticobulbar projections from both sides of the mortor cortex. This bilaterality of projection has important clinical implications for the mortor speech processes.

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摘要：第二段是在說「部分腦神經只是間接的傳遞感覺，反倒是其他部分的腦神經有的是直接就到動器去了，儘管如此，大部分的神經都是同時具備感覺和動作的功能的。」