NC1922承樺

NC003T1-01

神經科學的分支

神經科學共分成神經(病)學(Neurology)、神經外科(Neurosurgery)、神經解剖學(Neuroanatomy)、神經放射學(Neuroradiology)、神經胚胎學(Neuroembryology)、神經生理學(Neurophysiology)、神經病理學(Neuropathology)七個

NC026T23

NC??? neuraxis

神經軸；軸索

由細胞本體延伸出來的組織，我們稱為軸索，動作電位的傳導就走利用軸索膜內外的電位差異來達到傳遞訊息的目的。

一個神經元最多只有一個軸突，當然軸突本身可能有一些分岔。軸突藉由分泌神經傳導物質達到傳遞訊息的效果，神經傳導物質包括乙醯膽鹼、正腎上腺素，在中樞神經的神經元軸突有的還會分泌多巴胺、血清素、腦內啡等。

來源：http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/?qid=1106092507982

NC050B2-01

帕金森氏症

和神經傳導素缺乏有關，帕金森氏症起因於中腦黑質組織多巴胺神經元的衰退。這種情況， 通常牽涉到身體雙方面，一般會影響較年老的老人家，它的特徵是有節律的顫抖、動作的僵直、呆版、駝背的姿勢、像戴面具一樣無表情的臉、運動的緩慢和因為發音困難而無法理解的話語。認知的症狀可能會在帕金森氏症最後階段出現。

NC081T04

NC??? Brainstem

腦幹

腦幹（Brain stem）由中腦、腦橋、延髓三部分組成，上接間腦、下接脊髓。它負責調節複雜的反射活動，包括調節呼吸作用、心跳、血壓等，對維持機體生命有重要意義。12對腦神經之中，腦幹含有其中10對處理腦神經訊息的神經核。因此，醫學常以「腦幹死亡」為一個人類失去生命的標準。

來源：http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6%E5%B9%B9&variant=zh-tw

NC095F3-14

經由滑車神經和三叉神經通道的喙狀橋腦的橫切片段。

NC113T30

substantia nigra

中腦的黑質組織

拉丁文意為"the black substance

The substantia nigra (Latin for "black substance", Soemering) or locus niger is a heterogeneous portion of the midbrain, separating the pes (foot) from the tegmentum (covering), and a major element of the basal ganglia system. It consists of two strongly contrasted ensembles, the pars compacta and adjacent dopaminergic groups, and another ensemble made up of the pars reticulata and the pars lateralis. The latter two, along with the pallidal nuclei, are elements of the core of the basal ganglia. Although intricate and interconnected, the two ensembles must imperatively be distinguished.

The substantia nigra compacta and surrounding is responsible for dopamine production in the brain, and therefore plays a vital role in reward and addiction.

來源：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigra

NC130T17

NC???T?? coelom

體腔

形成: 在胚胎原腸化的過程中，會形成胚層。分別是外胚層（最外的細胞層，覆蓋整個胚胎，將來成為生物的體表），內胚層（胚胎的最內的細胞層，將來發育成消化管道及臟器），中胚層（位在外胚層及內胚層中間，將來發育成骨格、肌肉、腎臟及循環系統）。之後由中胚層包圍形成的空間稱為體腔。

依據體腔的類型可分成三種體腔：無體腔、假體腔、真體腔。無體腔：其體壁與消化道之間充滿了中胚層的細胞及細胞間質，所以無體腔形成。 假體腔：中胚層僅覆蓋在外胚層內側，並沒有覆蓋在消化管，因此體腔並非完全由中胚層覆蓋。 真體腔：中胚層除了覆蓋在外胚層內側，也覆蓋在消化管，因此體腔是完全由中胚層覆蓋形成。

來源: http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E4%BD%93%E8%85%94%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9&variant=zh-tw

NC130T67

NC???T??trophoblast

滋養層; 滋養母細胞

Trophoblasts (from Greek threphein: to feed) are cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, which provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They are formed during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg.

來源：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophoblast

NC151T17

NC???T?? potentials

潛在電位

In physics, a potential may refer to the scalar potential or to the vector potential. In either case, it is a field defined in space, from which many important physical properties may be derived. Leading examples are the gravitational potential and the electric potential, from which the motion of gravitating or electrically charged bodies may be obtained.

Many entities in physics may be described as vector fields, but it is often easier to work with the corresponding potentials as proxies for the fields themselves. For instance, some force fields exert forces on a body equal to the product of the field and some invariant scalar property of the body, such as the mass or charge. As a body moves through such a force field, it rises and falls in the field's potential, gaining and losing energy through mechanical work. This exchange of energy allows the interaction to be analyzed in terms of simple laws of conservation of energy, without resorting to kinematics, which can be computationally difficult.

來源：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential

NC163T08

NC???T?? thalamus

視神經床；丘腦

丘腦是間腦的一個主要解剖結構。丘腦的拉丁語名稱thalamus來源於希臘語詞彙θαλαμος，是「臥室」的意思。

人類的丘腦基本上是兩個球形的結構，各長約5.7厘米，關於中矢面對稱分佈，與兩側第三腦室相鄰。在30%的人當中，兩側丘腦通過丘腦間粘合（adhesio interthalamica）有一定程度的連接。

來源：http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%98%E8%85%A6&variant=zh-tw

NC184T15

NC???T?? spinocerebellar

脊髓小腦

The spinocerebellar tract is a set of axonal fibers originating in the spinal cord and terminating in the ipsilateral cerebellum. This tract conveys information to the cerebellum about limb and joint position (proprioception).

來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinocerebellar

NC207T12

NC???T?? hyperopia

遠視

一束平行光線經過眼的屈光介質在視網膜後聚焦，這種眼的屈光狀態叫遠視(Hyperopia)，患者會看不清近距離的事物；近視是相似但方向相反的情況。

成因： 先天性眼球過短 。 老化或長期觀察遠方事物，令環狀睫狀肌持續保持放鬆，晶狀體屈光的能力不足。

患者可配帶配備凸透鏡的眼鏡，以矯正視力。

來源：http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%A0%E8%A6%96&variant=zh-tw

NC225P03

有一個25歲的老師在上課時，突然在學生面前倒下，被送進急診室，醫生說有下列的症狀：

頭痛和嘔吐

做純音聽力檢查，右耳有深度的聽力損失

身體不協調，會傾向右邊倒

沒有其他的感覺運動的或認知的損傷

核磁共振動脈X光攝影指出，是因為AICA引起的動脈血管栓塞所導致的。

NC238L04

List the major ascending and descending spinal tracts

列出主要的上行的和下行的脊髓束

頁數：P.240~P.245

NC259T18

NC???T?? reflex

反射

是一種不由自主的行為。所有反射，除了伸張反射，都會牽涉到至少三種神經元，輸入神經元、中間神經元、輸出神經元。

分類: 簡單反射：這是天生的、每個人都會作出相似的反應，如膝跳反射（擊打膝蓋，小腿會向上）。 經典條件反射：又稱古典制約，是要經過學習的。如一隻狗經訓練後，一聽到某種聲音便會分泌唾液。神經訊號由感受器發出，經過延髓或脊髓，不經過大腦，直接傳遞到作用器。

來源: http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_%28%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%29&variant=zh-tw

NC274F13-02

內在的自給網狀促進區域和非自給的網狀抑制區域。

NC299T01

NC???T??Alternating hemiplegia

交替的半身不遂

Alternating hemiplegia is a rare condition where a child has episodes of weakness affecting one side of the body. This weakness can affect all the muscles on the affected side, not just those in the limbs. After an episode, the weakness improves, but will recur during the next episode. Alternating hemiplegia is a variable condition that affects children to differing degrees and in a variety of ways. This can make it a difficult condition to diagnose and manage but much expertise has been gained in recent years.

Alternating hemiplegia is a condition which has transient weakness of either, or sometimes both, sides of the body. The attacks may alternate or sometimes overlap, that is the second side is affected before the first recovers. Attacks start in the first year of life and are often accompanied by unusual irregular eye movements. The attacks last from less than an hour which is unusual to sometimes several days. When the attacks are prolonged the manifestations are not apparent during sleep or for the first fifteen to twenty minutes on waking when they then return. This is a very characteristic finding and when there are bilateral attacks this may allow feeding and drinking to occur in that short clear period after waking. The episodes of hemiplegia are not epileptic in nature but epileptic seizures may co-exist and require separate anti-epileptic drug treatment.

The cause is not known. Affected children usually have significant learning disabilities and motor organisational problems, including unsteadiness. There is a tendency for these problems to increase with repeated episodes.

Treatment is with flunarizine (a calcium channel blocker). Other drugs have not been found to be consistently helpful.

來源：http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/factsheets/families/F060393/index.html http://www.cafamily.org.uk/Direct/a39.html

NC316T15-08

動眼神經功能的描述

共分成2類GSE(軀體傳出神經)和GVE(內臟傳出神經)

NC349P03

一個60歲的男士左耳耳鳴逐漸惡化，他同時也發現了這支耳朵有了聽力問題。他開始講電話時用右耳去取代左耳。在他和醫師商量前的這一短暫的時間，他開始出現走路右腳僵直，容易將右腳趾擦傷，他右手的動作有時也很笨拙。做了檢查後，醫師指出他不正常的地方:

輕微的右側的手和腳的病痛

右邊的肌肉延長放鬆的時間和Babinski訊號

當走路的時候會傾向倒左邊(因為小腦或前庭的損傷)

左臉對溫度和針孔的感覺度降低

右邊的觸感正常

左邊的角膜無法放鬆

當皺眉、強迫性眨眼睛或嘴巴往內縮，左側會稍微有問題

左耳聽力損失，和用音叉做右耳側聽，左耳的氣骨導傳遞嚴重的衰弱

由大腦核磁共振可以發現左側小腦橋腦蛋型通道擴張到骨導的內耳道，壓到左側小腦的底部，和在橋腦和上方骨髓行成凹口。

NC361F16-06

由中間看主要的邊緣系統和所連接的部份。

NC377T30

NC???T??serotonergic

Serotonergic means "related to the neurotransmitter serotonin". A synapse is serotonergic if it uses serotonin as its neurotransmitter. A substance is serotonergic if it is capable of producing, altering, or releasing serotonin.

A serotonergic, or serotonergic agent, is any chemical which functions to enhance the effects mediated by serotonin in the central nervous system, and they include the following classes of chemicals:

Serotonin precursors (such as tryptophan and 5-HTP)

Cofactors required in the body's production of serotonin

Serotonergic enzymes

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor - A common class of serotonergic antidepressants

Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant - Another class of serotonergic antidepressants

serotonergic psychedelics - The serotonergic hallucinogenic drugs

來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonergic

NC396P01

一個55歲的女士因為高血壓被送進醫院。當她睡覺時突然中風，當她醒來時她的右手和右腳已經不能動了，而且覺得頭很重。她不能找到適當的語言去解釋損傷的運動控制。她接受神經科專科醫生和語言病理專家的檢查和建議。他們發現到:

右半球的觸碰、痛和溫度等感覺並未受損

中度的搜尋詞彙困難

口語說出的限制

反覆的口語能力受損

閱讀和寫作的能力受損

接近正常的聽力理解

過了幾天，她的語言能力改善了許多，但是仍然只能組織少量的話語。她使用大量的姿勢和用左臂指點。不過失敗的溝通挫敗了她，使她很沮喪。腦部核磁共振指出，是因為和前部的語言皮質和大量的運動皮質有關的中央溝左前額葉的大量梗塞所造成。

NC404T11

NC???T??subarachnoid space

蜘蛛膜下的空間

In the brain, the subarachnoid space (subarachnoid cavity) is the interval between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.

It is occupied by a spongy tissue consisting of trabeculæ (delicate connective tissue filaments that extend from the arachnoid mater and blend into the pia mater) and intercommunicating channels in which the cerebrospinal fluid is contained.

This cavity is small on the surface of the hemispheres of the brain. On the summit of each gyrus the pia mater and the arachnoid are in close contact, but in the sulci between the gyri, triangular spaces are left, in which the subarachnoid trabecular tissue is found. Whilst the pia mater closely follows the surface of the brain and dips into the sulci, the arachnoid bridges across them from gyrus to gyrus.

來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarachnoid_space

NC421L06

Discuss the mechanism of electroencephalography and its clinical value

探討腦電描記器的機械作用和它的臨床的益處

頁數：P.434~P.436

NC450T12

NC???T??evoked potential

In neurophysiology, an evoked potential (or "evoked response") is an electrical potential recorded from a human or animal following presentation of a stimulus, as distinct from spontaneous potentials as detected by electroencephalograms or electromyograms. Evoked potential amplitudes tend to be low, ranging from less than a microvolt to several microvolts, compared to tens of microvolts for EEG, millivolts for EMG, and often close to a volt for EKG. To resolve these low-amplitude potentials against the background of ongoing EEG, EKG, EMG and other biological signals and ambient noise, signal averaging is usually required. The signal is time-locked to the stimulus and most of the noise occurs randomly, allowing the noise to be averaged out with averaging of repeated responses.

Signals can be recorded from cerebral cortex, brain stem, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Usually the term "evoked potential" is reserved for responses involving either recording from, or stimulation of, central nervous system structures. Thus evoked CMAP (compound motor action potentials) or SNAP (sensory nerve action potentials) as used in NCV (nerve conduction studies) are generally not thought of as evoked potentials, though they do meet the above definition.

來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evoked_potential

習題:

NC184Q2

Referred pain is a phenomenon used to describe pain perceived at a site adjacent to or at a distance from the site of an injury's origin. One of the best examples of this is during ischaemia brought on by an angina pectoris, or heart attack. Even though the heart is directly affected the pain is often felt in the neck, shoulders and back rather than the chest.

NC449Q1

angiography

X-ray technique that involves injection of radiopaque substance for examining the structural architecture of blood vessels.

coma

State of profound unconsciousness in which the patient does not respond to respond to sensory stimuli. It is usually seen in patients with TBI and with cerebral toxicity.

CT

X-ray brain-imaging technique that provides cross-sectional images of the live brain and body in different planes.

dichotic listening

Neuropsychological testing tool that involves simultaneous presentation of auditory stimuli to both ears. It is used for evaluating cerebral dominance.

dominant inheritance

Genetic expression mode in which a dysfunctional allele possessed by on parent dominates the second allele from the other parent. Each offspring has a 50% probability of inheriting this dysfunctional gene and the disorder.

electroencephalography

Technique that records normal and abnormal electrical activity from the brain. Also used to evaluate seizure disorders.

electromyography

Visual record of muscle electrical activity during rest and spontaneous and/or voluntary movements. It is used to determine causes of muscular weakness, paralysis, and involuntary twitching.

MRI

Imaging technique that uses magnetic activity of the tissue to create clear images of the living brain and body.

recessive inheritance

Genetic mode of inheritance in which both parents transmit the same affected alleles. It results in 25% probability of this dysfunctional gene transmission from both parents and the child being affected with the condition.

stupor

Unresponsiveness from which a patient can be aroused transiently with strong and repeated stimulation.

X-linked inheritance

Genetic inheritance mode where diseases or traits are transmitted by a gene or genes on the X (sex) chromosome.