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課本後面術語 p.461左
far point
Point from which light rays originate.
光源產生的點
Fasciculation
肌束抽跳或是肌束顫動
Involuntary contractions of groups ( fasciculi ) of muscle fibers from hyperexcitability of motor units.
肌肉纖維的非自主性收縮是源於運動單位的過度刺激
補充：
肌束抽跳是由一群肌纖維同時不自主的放電而造成，常見於下運動神經元疾病，但也可於上運動神經元病變，或是特定的代謝疾病，偶爾在正常肌肉可也見到。就是某塊肌肉會忽然抽動一下。
(http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/?qid=1106080300960 )
fasciculus ( fasciculi )
纖維束的
Bundle of nerve fibers that originate from a common source, terminate at a common point, and mediate a common function.
是一束神經纖維，來自同個地方，也結束在同個點，也有傳達共同的功能
fasciculus cuneatus
楔狀束
Sensory fibers carrying sensations of fine discriminative touch from the upper half of the body.
運送來自上半身有較好分辨能力的觸覺訊息的感覺神經
fasciculus gracilis
薄束
Sensory fibers carrying sensations of fine discriminative touch from the lower half of the body.
運送來自下半身有較好分辨能力的觸覺訊息的感覺神經
fastigial nucleus
頂核
Cerebellar nucleus connected to the vestibular system. Plays a role in equilibrium.
位於小腦的一個核，連結到前庭系統，與平衡有關
Fertilization
受精
Penetration of a secondary oocyte by a sperm cell, resulting in a gamete.
一個精細胞與一個第二卵母細胞結合，產生配子的過程
fetal alcohol syndrome ( FAS )
胎兒酒精症候群
Refers to the effects of intrauterine exposure to alcohol on a fetus, resulting in retarded growth and limited cognitive skills.
指出子宮內酒精暴露對胎兒的影響，造成其發育弱智和有限的認知技能
http://www.come-over.to/FAS/fasbabybw.jpg
補充：
是母親在妊娠期間酗酒對胎兒所造成的永久出生缺陷，程度會按母親喝酒的份量、頻率及時間所影響。酒精會進入胎盤，並阻礙胎兒的成長及體重，造成獨特的臉部小斑，破壞神經元及腦部結構，並引起體質、心智或行為等問題。主要影響是永久的對中央神經系統破壞。生前酒精暴露會阻礙神經細胞及腦部結構的發育或造成畸形，一般會引發一連串的初級認知及功能障礙，包括有記憶力變弱、注意力不足、衝動的行為及較弱的理解力，另外亦會造成次級的障礙，如對法律感到困難、心理疾病及藥物上癮等。
(http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%84%BF%E9%85%92%E7%B2%BE%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E7%97%87 )
Fetus
胎兒期
Developing organism in utero from the beginning of the 3rd month to birth.
到出生前三個月在胎內有機體的發展
Fibrillation
纖維性顫動
Spontaneous twitch of individual muscle fibers.
個體肌肉纖維的自發性抽動
Fibromyalgia
纖維肌痛症候群
Syndrome of chronic musculoskeletal pain owing to undetermined etiology.
一種慢性肌肉骨骼疼痛的症候群，引發原因不明
補充 :
好發於三十至四十歲左右的成年人，在美國每年約有六百萬人有此情形，其中絕大部分都是女性。超過八成的病人都會出現肌肉疼痛的症狀。常發生在上、下背部或頸部的區域，通常在左右兩邊鈍痛、抽搐，在運動及活動以後還會有惡化的情形，到傍晚時這種不舒服的感覺通常會更嚴重。大部份纖維肌痛症的患者會抱怨反覆性的頭痛，這種頭痛最常見的不是緊張性頭痛就是偏頭痛。有些病人還會合併一些症狀，例如頭暈、情緒焦慮沮喪、疲倦、睡眠障礙、心悸、腸胃激躁不適、持續性發熱、淋巴腺腫脹、觸摸痛、經痛、手部發麻等情形。
fields of Forel ( H fields )
Prerubral region through which various basal ganglia projections pass before terminating in the thalamus.
事先錄下穿過各個基底神經節之前還未到達丘腦前影像的區域
filum terminale
終端纖維
Fibrous extension of the spinal cord attached to the coccyx.
脊髓尾端延伸到尾骨的纖維
Fissure
裂隙
Groove region bordering the gyri on the brain surface, also called sulcus ( pl. sulci ).
大腦表面上腦迴的溝槽地帶，也稱為溝
Flaccid
鬆弛
Weakened muscle with less than normal tone. A lower motor neuron symptom.
肌肉較正常型態衰弱，一個運動神經元減弱的徵兆
flaccid dysarthria
弛緩型吶吃
Motor speech disorder associated with injuries of cranial nerve motor neurons.
說話能力運動失調，與頭蓋骨神經的運動神經元受損有關
補充:
構音障礙源自於腦部神經受損的因素，稱之為吶吃（dysarthria），因肌張力不同分為痙攣型、弛緩型（flaccid）、動作失調型、動作過強型（hyperkinetic）、動作過弱型（hypokinetic）、混合型（mixed）吶吃。由於呼吸短促、口腔動作機能障礙，所以構音不清晰是腦性麻痺最普遍的語言溝通障礙。
(轉自http://163.21.111.100/book_ul/1/15/%BBy%BB%D9%B2%C4%A4G%B8`.htm )
Flexion
屈曲
Muscle movement that bends a limb.
肌肉運動使肢臂彎曲
Flexor
屈肌
Muscle that contracts to cause flexion.
造成彎曲的肌肉
http://www.rad.washington.edu/staticpix/atlas/flexorcarpi.jpg
flocculi ( flocculonodular lobe )
小葉結狀葉
Oldest portion of the cerebellum. Has a role in equilibrium.
小腦的原來部分，與平衡有關
focal length
焦距長
Distance between the lens and the point where light rays converge to form a focused image.
透鏡與光源聚集成像的點的距離
focal point
焦點
Retinal point at which light rays converge for focusing.
光線聚焦在視網膜上的點
Foramen
孔
Opening or aperture.
通道或是洞
foramen magnum
枕骨大孔
Opening in the base of the skull through which the caudal end of the brainstem exits to connect with the spinal cord.
頭骨基部的孔洞經由腦幹末端出口與脊髓神經連接
http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/gif/foramen_c.gif
foramen of Magendie
正中孔
Medial aperture that releases cerebrospinal fluid from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space.
腦脊髓液從第四腦室流到蛛網膜內所經過中間的孔洞
foramina of Luschka
外側孔
Two laterally located apertures that release cerebrospinal fluid from the fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space.
腦脊髓液從第四腦室流到蛛網膜內所經過兩個位於側面的孔洞
Forebrain
前腦
Brain region derived from the rostral embryonic brain and including the telencephalon and diencephalon.
大腦區域起源於有喙的胎兒的腦，包含了終腦和間腦
http://library.thinkquest.org/25500/emotions/media/divisions.gif
補充：
當前腦受傷時，會導致人格改變，亦即失去判斷能力與抑制力（抑制我們做壞事情的能力）。前腦受傷的症狀為冷漠、缺乏感情。而前腦退化，會導致智力退化到類似幼稚園的孩提時代。
(http://blog.roodo.com/eslite/archives/3627465.html )
Fornix
穹窿
Bundle of fibers that mediate two-way connections among the hypothalamus, septum, and hippocampus. Important in visceral functions.
在丘腦下部、隔膜、海馬迴間傳達雙向連接的一束纖維，對內臟功能重要
http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/blogfiles/metro/fornix_2.JPG
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