NC1416 智源

NC001L14

Describe the functions of important Brodmann areas commonly used in cognitive neurology。

描述Brodmann 區域普遍應用在認知神經科學的功能。

課本內容：P16~18 表格：Table 1-11

額葉區：

區域4：主要運動皮質區

區域6和8：前運動皮質區

區域9-11：認知功能相關皮質區

區域44,45：和語言相關的皮質，包涵布洛卡區

頂葉區：

1.2.3區域負責主要感覺

5.7區域負責相關肢體感覺

39區域：閱讀還有寫作

顳葉區：

22區域：語言相關皮質，有威尼斯克區

41.42區域：主要聽力區域

枕葉區：

17區域：主要視覺區

18.19區域：視覺相關皮質

補充資料：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brodmann_area

NC026T18

glial cell

中文名稱：神經膠質細胞

名詞解釋：Secondary cells（astroglia，microglia，and oligodendroglia）in the nervous system that serve as supportive connective tissue。

中文翻譯：第二級神經系統的細胞，主要是當作支持連結的組織。

名詞補充：

Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or simply glia, are non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1. Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the nervous system. They are thus known as the "glue" of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons, to insulate one neuron from another, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.

附註：希臘人稱之為glue。

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/glia.html

NC046F2-20

腹側邊的腦幹解剖圖，顯示出中腦、橋腦、延腦的位置以及頭顱神經的支根。

解剖名詞：Optic nerve：視神經

Optic chiasm：視交叉

Optic tract：視束

Pituitary stalk：垂體莖

Medial sulcus：內側溝

Mamillary body：乳頭體

Pes peduncuil：蕈狀體柄

Pyramidal tract：椎體束

Ventral lateral fissure：腹側邊裂縫

Pyramidal decussation：錐體交叉

Ventral lateral sulcus：腹側邊溝

Ventral median fissure：腹側中央裂縫

Anterior perforated substance：前穿質

NC080P06

有一個55歲的老先生，起初，抱怨他有持續性的頭痛，漸漸的惡化為平衡失調以及缺乏注意力。神經科醫師診斷他的狀況，並注意到以下幾點：1.走路有極大困難，拖著小腳步行走。2.思考緩慢且注意力不足。3.毫無特徵的運動神經衰弱以及感官神經遺失。4.膀胱失禁。大腦核磁共振結果顯示出倆個較大的側部腦室，第三腦室變的較廣，第四腦室為正常形狀。

Q：你可以辨別出這個病人，哪個腦孔受到阻塞？

A：大腦血管。

討論：側邊腦室透過interventricular foramina of Monro連接第三腦室。CSF從第三腦室排入第四腦室透過大腦血管。阻塞包含中腦區域的大腦血管，因而造成了一種妨礙形式的腦水腫。

NC091F3-10

延腦橫切解剖圖，裡頭有部分有喙的舌下神經核以及中間部分的橄欖核。

解剖名詞：

Hypoglossal nucleus：舌下神經核

Medial longitudinal fasciculus：內側縱束

Reticular formation：網狀結構

Spinal trigeminal nucleus：三叉神經核

Spinal trigeminal tract：三叉神經道

Interior cerebellar peduncle：小腦肉莖

Nucleus ambiguous：疑核

Ventral spinocerebellar tract：脊髓小腦腹束

Anterolateral system：前外側神經系統

Principal olivary nucleus：橄欖核

Olivocerebellar fibers：橄欖小腦纖維

Pyramid：錐體

NC113T25

pyramidal decussation

中文名稱：錐體交叉

名詞解釋：Descending corticospinal fibers mediating motor impulses to spinal motor neurons。

中文翻譯：下行的皮質骨隨神經，調節到脊隨運動神經的衝動

名詞補充：

The two pyramids contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis, corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers. When these pyramidal fibers are traced downward, it is found that some two-thirds or more of them leave the pyramids in successive bundles, and decussate in the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata, forming what is termed the pyramidal decussation. Having crossed the middle line, they pass down in the posterior part of the lateral funiculus as the lateral cerebrospinal fasciculus.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=1206041617830

NC130T12

blast

中文名稱：胚胎

名詞解釋：Immature cell

中文翻譯：不成熟的細胞

名詞補充：

胚胎指的就是這個發展形成過程的最初階段，從受精卵開始第一次分裂，到下一階段發展開始前，為不太成熟的細胞。

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F

NC130T62

somite

中文名稱：原椎

名詞解釋：Segmental blocklike mass of mesoderm on either side of the notochord.Gives rises to muscles,vertbral bodues and skin.

中文翻譯：中胚層部份的質量在脊索任一一旁。可以分化出肌肉、皮膚等。

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

NC151T12

depolarization

中文名稱：去極化

名詞解釋：Changes in membrance potentials in which the cellular interior changes from negative(resting potential)to positive

中文翻譯：細胞膜電位的改變，細胞內膜電位由負轉正

名詞補充：

In biology, depolarization is a decrease in the absolute value of a cell's membrane potential. Thus, changes in membrane voltage in which the membrane potential becomes less positive or less negative are both depolarizations. The rising and falling phases of an action potential are often imprecisely called depolarization and hyperpolarization, respectively.

附註：de(去掉)+polarization(極化)。

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://www.dls.ym.edu.tw/neuroscience/ap_c.html

NC163T03

epithalamus

中文名稱：上丘腦

名詞解釋：Part of the thalamus consisting of pineal gland and habenular nucleus

中文翻譯：一部分的丘腦，由松果腺和口核組成

名詞補充：

The epithalamus is a dorsal posterior segment of the diencephalon (a segment in the middle of the brain also containing the hypothalamus and the thalamus) which includes the habenula, the stria medullaris and the pineal body. Its function is the connection between the limbic system to other parts of the brain. Some functions of its components include the secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/hearing/brain-anatomy.htm

NC184T10

kinesthesia

中文名稱：肌肉運動感覺

名詞解釋：Internal awareness of the range and direction of limb movements

中文翻譯：對肢體運動方向以及內在的知覺

名詞補充：

the sense by which position, weight and movement are perceived.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

附註：這個單字源自於希臘，指的是肌肉、關節、韌帶部分等身體部分的活動偵測以及觀察。

補充資料：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesthesia

NC207T07

far point

中文名稱：遠點

名詞解釋：Point from which light rays originate

中文翻譯：從光線起始的點

名詞補充：

In visual perception, the far point is the point at which an object must be placed along the optical axis for its image to be focused on the retina when the eye is not accommodating. It is sometimes described as the farthest point from the eye at which images are clear.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://www.infoplease.com/ipd/A0435720.html

NC220F9-10

部分暴露的大腦聽力皮質以及來自於operculi之上的前葉以及頂葉平坦的顳葉組織被移除。圖標示地區為威尼氏區位於主聽力皮質區。

解剖名詞：

Insula：腦島

Percentral gyrus：

Central sulcus：中央溝

Postcentral gyrus：中央后回

Planum temporale：平坦的顳葉

Wernicke area：威尼氏區

Transverse gyrus：橫向的腦回

NC237T13

vertigo

中文名稱：暈眩

名詞解釋：Sensation that ones body or outer world is rotating in space

中文翻譯：身體在空間以及外在世界搖晃的感覺

名詞補充：

Vertigo, a specific type of dizziness, is a major symptom of a balance disorder. It is the sensation of spinning or swaying while the body is stationary with respect to the earth or surroundings. There are two types of vertigo: subjective and objective. Subjective vertigo is when a person feels a false sensation of movement. Objective vertigo is when the surroundings will appear to move past a person's field of vision. The effects of vertigo may be slight. It can cause nausea and vomiting and, if severe, may give rise to difficulty with standing and walking.

附註：The word "vertigo" comes from the Latin "vertere", to turn + the suffix "-igo", a condition = a condition of turning about.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://www.tscaa.org.tw/o15-1.asp

NC259T13

lower motor neuron

中文名稱：低運動神經原

名詞解釋：Motor nucleus of the brainstem and spinal cord which extends its axons through the peripheral nerves roots to control skeletal muscles

中文翻譯：腦幹和骨隨的運動神經核，它擴展軸突，透過周圍神經系統的來控制骨骼肌肉

名詞補充：

Lower motor neurons (LMNs) are the motor neurons connecting the brainstem and spinal cord to muscle fibers, bringing the nerve impulses from the upper motor neurons out to the muscles. The lower motor neuron's axon goes through a foramen and terminates on an effector (muscle).

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://www.neuro.wustl.edu/neuromuscular/motor.html

NC272L08

List the clinical signs of basal ganglia impairments。

試著舉例臨床上基底核受傷的徵兆。

課本內容：P281~286

補充資料：http://www.sinica.edu.tw/~jingyi/newbook/203/627.htm

NC296T14-1

這張表格主要是描述臨床上有關於上下運動神經原的症狀。

例如：

症狀：麻痺、癱瘓(paralysis)

上運動神經原症狀：麻痺(痙攣)或者衰弱。

下運動神經原症狀：麻痺(無活力的)或者衰弱。

NC314B15-04

Bilaterality of innervation----神經支配的兩邊對稱性

顱神經以擁有獨特的皮質控制而聞名，換言之，也就是說它的核位於某些顱神經，接受來自雙面的運動皮質的皮直延隨訊號。這種雙面的神經支配確保單邊的皮質的損害不會長久影響一些顱神經的功能，相反的，只有雙側皮質損害才會嚴重地影響顱神經的功能。

NC345T15-25

這張表格是說明腦幹顱神經疾病症狀。

例如：

症狀：Weber syndrome

影響的結構：皮質脊隨神經、動眼神經(第三對腦神經)。

臨床症狀：同側動眼功能癱瘓、瞳孔擴張、對側偏癱。

NC358T16-03

這張表格主要是說明內臟器官交感神經的支配。

例如：

結構：虹膜肌肉 節前神經細胞：C8-T2

功能：瞳孔擴張 節後神經細胞：頸上神經節

結構：肺 節前神經細胞：T1-T5

功能：支氣管擴張 節後神經細胞：頸鍾神經節

NC377T25

portal system

中文名稱：門脈循環

名詞解釋：Lower pressure vascular system that carries hypothalamic hormones to the anterior pituitary gland(adenohypophysis)

中文翻譯：低壓的血管系統，帶著下視丘的荷爾蒙來到腦垂線前葉

名詞補充：

In the circulatory system of animals, a portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed through veins. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system. They are relatively uncommon as the majority of capillary beds drain into the heart, not into another capillary bed. Portal venous systems are considered venous because the blood vessels that join the two capillary beds are either veins or venules. Examples of such systems include the hepatic portal system and the hypophyseal portal system. Unqualified, "portal venous system" often refers to the hepatic portal system. For this reason, "portal vein" most commonly refers to the hepatic portal vein.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：門脈循環是指血液循環，正常的血流由大動脈至小動脈，小血管、微血管，再到小靜脈、大靜脈至心臟。若至靜脈時不流到心臟，反先到其它器官，就稱之為門靜脈系統。腸道的靜脈血流，匯流後先到肝臟，就稱之為肝門靜脈，在肝臟裡與肝臟本身的動脈血液，集合匯流成肝靜脈，在經由下腔靜脈回心臟循環。

NC392B17-03

膽固醇與高中風的危險關係

適當的膽固醇對人體而言是有益的，因為它可以產生賀爾蒙以及細胞膜的形成。然而，過多的血膽固醇是造成對CAD和CVA疾病高風險的因素。在膽固醇從細胞傳送出時，會與蛋白質結合。在此之中，兩種重要的蛋白質分別為高密度脂蛋白與低密度脂蛋白。高密度脂蛋白會從細胞中移除過多的膽固醇，然後送至肝臟做最後的處理。因此，高密度脂蛋白又名為好膽固醇，不只是它能控制血脂降低罹患動脈硬化的風險，也能預防動脈壁上斑狀組織的形成。低密度脂蛋白又名為壞膽固醇，由於它在人體腦部和心臟有附著在動脈壁的傾向，導致動脈粥樣硬化症。這種疾病會藉由縮小或者完全阻塞動脈阻礙血液的流動，導致中風。以下是人體血液內主要膽固醇的來源，分別為肝和食物。肝產生大約75%的膽固醇來供給細胞體的能量。剩餘25%的膽固醇來自於高飽和脂肪酸的食物，像是乳製品、紅肉、蛋等。大部分植物食品，如穀物、蔬菜，幾乎不包含膽固醇。當身體需要膽固醇時，便會製造出；當細胞內已經飽足時，多餘的膽固醇便會流入血液中。血膽固醇測量單位為每毫客/公合，人體正常的範圍為140~200之間。若人體血膽固醇超過200每毫客/公合，就有高罹患冠狀動脈疾病的風險。高密度脂蛋白對於人體是好的，因為它可以免於膽固醇附著在動脈壁的傾向，來對抗CAD，保護人體。膽固醇含量有許多不同的依據，依據著許多因素，像是高風險、基因和種族等。但是，專業人員有著以下的推薦：

1. 總膽固醇：可以的話，盡量少於200每毫客/公合；超過此數字，有高風險罹患心臟病的機率。

2. 低密度脂蛋白：可以的話，保持100每毫客/公合，甚至更低。

3. 高密度脂蛋白：若超過60每毫客/公合，可降低CAD疾病的風險；若少於40每毫客/公合，則大大增加冠狀動脈疾病的機率。

高血膽固醇與心臟病之間仍有密切的關係。過多的血膽固醇會累積於動脈壁，導致動脈硬化症，這種疾病會傷害動脈內部，通常會導致高血壓。接著會累積的脂肪，像是膽固醇、三酸甘油脂、紅血球以及血小板在受傷的區域。血小管導致動脈管道的收縮然後造成中風。高血膽固醇可以使用一系列含statins、Simvastatin、Fluvastatin、Provastatin、Lovastatin以及菸鹼酸、fibric酸和膽汁酸的藥物來做治療。上述的其中一些藥物不僅是降低低密度脂蛋白而且增加低密度脂蛋白的數量。

補充資料：http://www.sekada.com/health/cholest.html

NC404T16

intracranial pressure

中文名稱：顱內壓

名詞解釋：pressure located within the cranium or skull which is caused by space-occupying lesions in the brain。

中文翻譯：頭顱的壓力，可能是於大腦空間被佔據造成的。

名詞補充：

Intracranial pressure, (ICP), is the pressure exerted by the cranium on the brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and the brain's circulating blood volume. ICP is a dynamic phenomenon constantly fluctuating in response to activities such as exercise, coughing, straining, arterial pulsation, and respiratory cycle. ICP is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and, at rest, is normally less than 10–15 mmHg. Changes in ICP are attributed to volume changes in one or more of the constituents contained in the cranium.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://www.thamburaj.com/intracranial_pressure.htm

NC0421L01

Explain common brain imaging technique。

解釋大腦成像技術。

P421~431

補充資料：http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/education/fmri/introduction-to-fmri/other-brain-imaging-techniques/

NC450T07

diffusion tensor imaging

中文名稱：散佈張肌成像

名詞解釋：MRI technique that evaluates the pathology of the white matter in the CNS by measuring movements and directionality of water molecules in the axonal tract

中文翻譯：MRI技術藉著測量水分子在軸突管道的行動以及方向，評估中樞神經系統白質的病理。

名詞補充：

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that enables the measurement of the restricted diffusion of water in tissue. The principal application is in the imaging of white matter where the location, orientation, and anisotropy of the tracts can be measured. The architecture of the axons in parallel bundles, and their myelin sheaths, facilitate the diffusion of the water molecules preferentially along their main direction. Such preferentially oriented diffusion is called anisotropic diffusion. The imaging of this property is an extension of diffusion MRI. If we apply diffusion gradients (i.e. magnetic field variations in the MRI magnet) in at least 6 directions, it is possible to calculate, for each voxel, a tensor (i.e. a symmetric positive definite 3 ×3 matrix) that describes the 3-dimensional shape of diffusion. The fiber direction is indicated by the tensor’s main eigenvector. This vector can be color-coded, yielding a cartography of the tracts' position and direction (red for left-right, blue for superior-inferior, and green for anterior-posterior). The brightness is weighted by the fractional anisotropy which is a scalar measure of the degree of anisotropy in a given voxel. Mean Diffusivity (MD) or Trace is a scalar measure of the total diffusion within a voxel. These measures are commonly used clinically to localize white matter lesions that do not show up on other forms of clinical MRI. Diffusion tensor imaging data can be used to perform tractography within white matter. Fiber tracking algorithms can be used to track a fiber along its whole length (e.g. the corticospinal tract, through which the motor information transit from the motor cortex to the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves). Some clinical applications of DTI are in the tract-specific localization of white matter lesions such as trauma, the localization of tumors in relation to the white matter tracts (infiltration, deflection), the localization of the main white matter tracts for neurosurgical planning, and the assessment of white matter in development, pathology and degeneration. DTI also has applications in the characterization of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Applications in research cover e.g. connectionistic investigation of neural networks in vivo.

圖片：

圖片來源：http://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8

補充資料：http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?ch=specialsections&sc=emergingtech&id=16473

NC150Q4

將下列的神經傳遞物質配對於相關的神經傳遞物。

1. 乙醯膽鹹>>a.主要中樞神經系統的神經傳遞物，藉著骨髓和顱運動神經釋放乙醯膽鹹來控制自主神經運動。

2. 多巴胺>>b.缺乏或者減少它的分泌會與帕金森氏症疾病有關。

3. 正腎上腺素>>c.在調節睡眠、注意力、心情扮演相當重要的神經傳遞物質。

NC404Q3

What is the spinal site used for lumbar puncture？Explain why？

脊髓的什麼部分通常來使用為腰椎穿刺？解釋為什麼？

穿刺部位:腰椎第3與第4間 或 腰椎第4與第5間。

腰椎穿刺 (Lumbar puncture)是診斷中樞神經系統感染症最重要的檢查之一。腰椎穿刺是用來取得腦脊髓液樣本的一種程序，腦脊髓液是一種環繞於腦部以及脊髓的液體。在脊髓的椎體之間插入長針，並且吸取一些脊髓液。多發性硬化症患者通常其腦脊髓液中的免疫細胞數目有上升的趨勢。