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NC4451志岳
神解課本
NC024P02
譯:28歲的語言治療師第一天上班遇到了神經科專科醫生，於是開始非正式的討論一位20歲的病人，他沒有明顯認知及溝通的問題，但是食慾很大、過度流汗、不正常的夢遊週期、沒有性慾的性別舉止。神經科專科醫生注意到他是典型的間腦下損傷病人。
NC030T2-01
譯：成年人的腦部結構是源於胚胎時,各種器官之原始胞囊狀態。
NC068B2-04
譯：腦膜炎
NC081TT29
Thalamus
Thalamus：either of two large ovoid masses, consisting chiefly of gray substance, situated one on either side of and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle. Each is divided into dorsal and ventral parts; the term thalamus without a modifier usually refers to the dorsal thalamus, which functions as a relay center for sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex.
視丘，一個卵圓形結構，長約
NC113TT05
Cerebral aqueduct
Cerebral: Pertaining to the brain, the cerebrum or the intellect.
The word "cerebral" was borrowed directly from the French "cerebral" which was derived from "cerebrum" (Latin for the "brain").
Aqueduct: A channel for the passage of fluid.
大腦導水管，腦室系統的一部份,連接第三與第四腦室。
NC
譯：腦膜炎
NC130TT42
Embryoblast
Embryoblast：an aggregation of cells at the embryonic pole of the blastocyst, which is destined to form the embryo proper. Also called inner cell mass.
–blast (suffix) [<> blastos "bud, germ, sprout"] embryonic cell胚胎細胞
NC142B5-02
譯：軸索的生長和軸索的再生
NC151TT42
Wallerian degeneration
Wallerian degeneration：the degenerative changes the distal segment of a peripheral nerve fiber (axon and myelin) undergoes when its continuity with its cell body is interrupted by a focal lesion.
神經中段被壓迫或缺血，自西元1850年以來Waller所發現的現象。
Degeneration：衰退
NC179T7-08
譯：三叉神經的原生病系統：痛和溫度
NC196T8-03
譯：視覺過程的全景的意見
NC
Explain distinctive function characteristics of the auditory system
解釋聽覺系統特別的特性。
P219
NC
譯：Ａ: 半圓的中央管道擴大壺狀體室的雞冠狀突起。 B: 毛髮細胞，神經，和壺狀體的介體。 C:毛髮細胞和耳石膜安排小囊的黃斑。
NC
譯：完全的執行胸廓的脊椎神經(A), 造成下半身兩邊對稱麻痺和知覺損失，上半身有剩餘的功能(B).
NC271TT04
Ataxia
Ataxia: Wobbliness. Incoordination and unsteadiness due to the brain's failure to regulate the body's posture and regulate the strength and direction of limb movements. Ataxia is usually a consequence of disease in the brain, specifically in the cerebellum which lies beneath the back part of the cerebrum.
運動失調，此字源自希臘文（ataxis）意為【無秩序】或【不協調】，有時【運動失調】是用來描述由於中樞神經系統受到感染，外傷或退化性疾病的影響而產生的症狀。分為遺傳性和散發性兩種。
NC288TT14
Tardive dyskinesia
Tardive dyskinesia: A neurological syndrome characterized by repetitive, involuntary, purposeless movements caused by the long-term use of certain drugs called neuroleptics used for psychiatric, gastrointestinal and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Features may include grimacing, tongue protrusion, lip smacking, puckering and pursing, and rapid eye blinking. Rapid movements of the arms, legs, and trunk may also occur. Impaired movements of the fingers may appear as though the patient is playing an invisible guitar or piano. The incidence of the syndrome rises with the dose and duration of drug treatment. The treatment of tardive dyskinesis is usually to stop or minimize the use of the offending drug. However, for some patients with a severe underlying condition this may not be a feasible option. Replacing the offending drug with substitute drugs may help. Other drugs such as benzodiazepines, adrenergic antagonists, and dopamine agonists may also be beneficial. In an individual case, the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia may remain long after discontinuation of the offending drug or the symptoms may improve or disappear with time.
遲發性異動症(tardive dyskinesia)通常是長期服用精神科藥物所造成的副作用，一般來說不容易完全復原，不過有機會改善。
NC
Explain idiosyncratic distributional patterns and innervational properties of cranial nerves
解釋腦神經的分佈樣式及其神經脈衝傳導的特性。
P306~P310
NC
譯：舌與喉的神經，他的核心綜合體，和他的腦幹的設計。
NC352TT20
Strabismus
Strabismus: A condition in which the visual axes of the eyes are not parallel and the eyes appear to be looking in different directions. In divergent strabismus, or exotropia, the visual axes diverge. If the visual axes converge, it is called convergent strabismus or esotropia. The danger with strabismus is that the brain cones may come to rely more on one eye than the other and that part of the brain circuitry connected to the less-favored eye fails to develop properly, leading to amblyopia (blindness) in that eye.
The classic treatment for mild-to-moderate strabismus has long been an eyepatch, covering the stronger eye with a patch, forcing the weaker eye to do enough work to catch up. However, eyedrops can work as well as an eyepatch in correcting moderate lazy eye and preventing the development of amblyopia (blindness). Atropine eyedrops are instilled daily in the stronger (dominant) eye. The atropine works by blurring rather than blocking vision in the stronger eye.
Severe strabismus may require surgery. The surgery is designed to increase or decrease the tension of the small muscles outside the eye. (These muscles are called the extraocular eye muscles. The six extraocular eye muscles move the eye in all directions.) When strabismus surgery is needed, the sooner it is done, the better the chance of the child achieving normal binocular vision.
Adults sometimes also need strabismus surgery. This can be done in a standard manner, as in children. Or adjustable suture surgery may be done because scarring from old eye surgery, inflammation from eye muscle disease, or neurological eye weakness makes it difficult to gauge how much tension to take up or let out to straighten the eyes. With adjustable suture surgery, it is possible to adjust the tension of the muscles after the surgery.
Strabismus is also called cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation and squint. The term "strabismus" comes from the Greek "strabismos" = a squinting.
所謂斜視即兩眼視軸不平行無法注視同一目標者,可以稱之為斜視。依據統計,約百分之四的兒童患有斜視,這當然包括先天性斜視及後天性斜視。要瞭解斜視,首先要瞭解眼球之運動。它是由六條外眼肌來負責,包括內、外直肌,上、下直肌與上、下斜肌。此六條肌肉負責眼球之上下、左右及傾斜運動,能準確的把兩個眼球轉至同一方向而注視同一目標。這種看起來簡單的動作,其實需要六條肌肉的密切合作,方能達到。當這些眼肌發生問題,而無法一致或平行時,就會使眼球受到障礙,而產生斜視。
斜視是外眼肌不平行而引起,而外眼肌受大腦支配,故一般相信大腦與斜視之發生有密切關連,例如腦性麻痺、水腦等,時會引起斜視。另外白內障、角膜混濁等可導致模楜,亦可能引起斜視,但真正原因目前仍不清楚。斜視似乎有家族性,至於男女之比例,無明確的差異。斜視可依其偏斜方向不同而分為內斜視、外斜視、上斜視、下斜視。其中以內斜視最為普遍。
NC377TT05
α－rhythm
α波(8~14Hz)是屬於意識與潛意識層面之間的橋樑，作白日夢是想像力的來源、靈感、直覺或點子發揮最好的狀態，身心平衡輕鬆注意力集中記憶力最旺盛。
NC379B17-01
譯：對於缺氧症細胞組成的敏感性差異
NC398TT20
Vasodilating
血管擴張劑，藥理作用：直接作用於周邊血管平滑肌，使之放鬆而產生血管擴張作用，造成動脈壓下降、周邊血管阻力降低、心跳加快與心輸出量增加。
由於小動脈的擴張作用大於靜脈的擴張作用，因此較不會發生姿勢性低血壓並且能使心輸出量增加。血管擴張劑也會增加血中腎素活性(renin activity)，而使鈉再吸收作用增強。常與交感神經抑制劑(如 b-阻斷劑, clonidine 或 methyldopa)併用。
NC420TT01
Acalculia
A form of aphasia characterised by the inability to perform simple mathematical problems; found with lesions of various areas of the cerebral hemispheres, and often an early sign of dementia.
計算能力不能，【醫】運算不能、失算症：計算功能的障礙, 患者不能利用數學符號進行運算。
NC
A：正常的電動機行動潛能有至少二相。相的外型在有神經性損失的病人裡以高幅度，長時間，多相的動作電位單位的特性被改變。B： 肌病造成小幅度和短時間的多相的動作電位。
NC081Q8
Matching each of the following numbered pathologies to its associated lettered statement【譯】請配對下列各項病理至對側的字母選項中
1. lesion in area of 17 on the left side/ 2. destruction of area 41 on the left/ 3. destruction of area 22 on the left side/ 4. damage to the white matter of the prefrontal lobe/ 5. cutting the corpus callosum/ a. Wernicke aphasia/ b. right hemianopia/ c. loss of executive function/ d. auditory imperceptibility/ e. separation of hemispheres
【答】1. b / 2. d / 3. a / 4. c / 5. e
NC299Q3
Match each of the following conditions with its associated lettered lesion site 譯】請配對下列各個情況至對側的字母選項中
1. muscle atrophy and flaccidity/ 2. loss of stretch reflex and hypotonia/ 3. spasticity and hypertonia/ 4. fasciculation/ 5. positive Babinki sign/ 6. ataxia and asynergia/ 7. tremor and chorea/ 8. hemiplegia/ a. LMN/ b. UMN/ c. cerebellum/ d. basal ganglia/
【答】The answere can be found at P.293~296
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