NC471-2G志岳

術語

Pyknosis

A necrotic stage marked by a reduction in size of a cell.

染色質濃縮

pyramidal decussation

Crossing of motor fibers that takes place in the most caudal medulla and accounts for contralateral motor organization.

錐體徑的大部份纖維在Medulla oblongata (延腦)下緣與脊髓交接處交叉到對側，這個交叉處稱為「錐體交叉」。

pyramidal fibers

Descending corticospinal fibers mediating motor impulses to spinal motor neurons.

the fibers that compose the corticospinal tract.

pyramidal tract

The motor fibers of the corticospinal tract named because of their location in the medullary pyramids.

錐體路徑包括：基底核（basal ganglia）、視丘下核（subthalamicnucleus）、黑質體（substantia nigra）、紅核（red nucleus）和腦幹網狀系統（brain stem reticular formation）。

pyriform cortex

Primary olfactory cortex located on the medial rostral region of the uncus and hippocampal gyrus.

梨狀皮質 is a region in the brain. The piriform cortex is part of the rhinencephalon situated in the telencephalon.

quadrant

One of four parts of the visual field.

One quarter of a circle. In anatomy, roughly circular areas are divided for descriptive purposes into quadrants. The abdomen is divided into right upper and lower and left upper and lower quadrants by a horizontal and a vertical line intersecting at the umbilicus. Quadrants of the ocular fundus (superior and inferior nasal, superior and inferior temporal) are demarcated by a horizontal and a vertical line intersecting at the optic disk. The tympanic membrane is divided into anterosuperior, anteroinferior, posterosuperior, and posteroinferior quadrants by a line drawn across the diameter of the drum in the axis of the handle of the malleus and another intersecting the first at right angles at the umbo.

quadriplegia

Paralysis of all four limbs.

四肢麻痺，Paralysis of all four limbs, both arms and both legs, as from a high spinal cord accident or stroke.

raphe nucleus

Collection of reticular cells located along the midline in the brainstem that diffusely project to all levels of the brain.

核縫、腦縫，Any of the various unpaired nerve cell groups that are located in and along the median plane of the mesencephalic and rhombencephalic tegmenta that include neurons with serotonin-carrying axons that extend to the hypothalamus, septum, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus.

rapid eye movement（REM）sleep

Sleep stage characterized by high-frequency and low-amplitude EEG waves, vivid dreams, and rapid eye movements.

睡眠由四～五週期組成，每一個週期約 90 ~ 100 分鐘左右，其中又包含兩種型態的睡眠，即非快速動眼期睡眠（NREM）及快速動眼期睡眠（REM）。快速動眼期又稱矛盾型睡眠，大腦是活動的，而身體則是休息的，在腦波圖記錄上與 NREM 的第一階段相似，但生理上的狀況卻有很大的差異。此時，呼吸與脈搏速率皆增加且呈不規則狀態，血壓的波動也大，大部份的夢都出現在此期，所以又叫做夢期，這個時候也比較容易醒來。

recessive inheritance

Genetic mode of inheritance in which both parents transmit the same affected alleles. It results in 25% probability of this dysfunctional gene transmission form both parents and the child being affected with the condition.

Inheritance in which a trait is recessive.

reciprocal inhibition

A neuronal circuitry in which an action potential is excitatory to motor units in an agonistic skeletal muscle and is excitatory to an inhibitory interneuron that, in turn, reduces the excitability of motor units in the paired antagonistic muscles. This ensures that when one muscle is contracting, its paired muscle is relaxing.

【運動生理】交互性抑制作用，Contraction in a muscle is accompanied by a loss of tone or by relaxation in the antagonistic muscle.

reciprocal innervation

Innervation of one of the paired muscles in which the response is opposite to the response of the other muscle connected to the same joint.

【運動生理】交互支配作用，Contraction in a muscle is accompanied by a loss of tone or by relaxation in the antagonistic muscle.

red nucleus

Medbrain cell cluster that relays cerebellar output to the motor cortex and spinal cord.

紅核，中腦網狀結構裡一種重要的神經核，含有運動神經元的細胞體，並構成將衝動傳向脊髓運動神經元的轉運站。a large, well-defined, somewhat elongated cell mass, reddish-gray in the fresh brain, located in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. This nucleus is composed of a caudal pars magnocellularis [TA] (magnocellular part [TA]), a rostral pars parvocellularis [TA] (parvocellular part [TA]) and a small pars posteromedialis [TA] (posteromedial part [TA], dorsomedial part [TAalt]). The nucleus receives a massive projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum by way of the superior cerebellar peduncle and an additional projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. Projections from the anterior interposed nucleus and motor cortex to the red nucleus are somatopically organized. Its efferent connections are with the contralateral rhombencephalic reticular formation and spinal cord by way of the rubrobulbar and rubrospinal tracts. Rubrospinal fibers have somatotopic origin.

referred pain

The sensation of pain form a visceral organ is sensed as originating form another body part. The explanation for the false localization is that the visceral structures do not have separate afferent pathways, rather they synapse on the same neurons in the dorsal root ganglion that also receives somatic sensation from the superficial structures.

投射痛(Referred pain)：疼痛出現在離病源區一段距離的地方

reflex

Hard-wired stereotypical response to a specific stimulus. All reflexes, except the stretch reflex, involve at least three neurons: the afferent neuron, one or more interneurons, and one or more efferent neurons.

神經系統有80%的功能都發生在反射動作，許多反射動作都是直接由脊隨出來的。

refraction

Bending of light rays as they travel from one medium to another.

折射

refraction errors

Focusing deviations from the optimal fixation point of the retina. Myopia (near-sightedness)

A refractive error, or refraction error, is an error in the focusing of light by the eye and a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity.

regional cerebral blood flow（rCBF）

Neuroradiologic technique that measures blood flow to functionally active brain areas by monitoring a radioactive tracer.

局部腦血流量(測定)，靜脈注入能通過完整的血腦屏障進入腦細胞的顯像劑，其進入腦細胞的量與局部腦血流量成正比，經斷層顯像，可以得到分層顯示大小腦各個部位局部血流量的影像，並可對局部血流量進行定量測定。

reissner membrane

Cochlear membrane that separates the scala media from the scala vestibuli.

耳蝸內ㄧ構造，隔開階與前庭階

renshaw cells

Inhibitory neurons in spinal cord that are connected to and inhibited by the collaterals of adjacent motor neurons.

Inhibitory interneurons that are innervated by collaterals from motoneurons and in turn form synapses with the same and adjacent motoneurons to exert inhibition; identified physiologically and by intracellular injection technic.

respiration

Involves the transfer of gases among the atmosphere, blood, and body cells and is marked by inhalation and exhalation.

呼吸作用，包括吸氣恨呼氣。

respiratory center

Reticular neurons in the brainstem that regulate the rate and depth of respiration.

吸氣和呼氣的週期性本質是由位於橋腦和延腦的神經元所控制，這些神經元被稱為呼吸中樞，然而不要把這個中樞想像成是由一獨立的神經核所構成，實際上，它是由各種有點無法界定的神經元所作成的集合。

restiform body

See INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE.

蠅狀體，由蠅狀體連接到大腦及延惱A lateral (larger) subdivision of the inferior cerebellar peduncle composed of a variety of fibres including, but not limited to, olivo-, reticulo-, cuneo-, trigemino-, and dorsal spinocerebellar.

resting membrane potential

Membrane potential of－70mV. At this stage, the nerve cell is not generating action potentials.

靜止膜電位，當一個神經不傳送訊息時我們稱之為靜止狀態。當神經細胞在靜止狀態時期，細胞內的電壓相對於細胞外的是負值（也就是相對之下外正電內負電），這就叫做靜止膜電位。一般而言，靜止膜電位是負70毫伏特(-70mV)，也就是說細胞內的電壓要比細胞外的低70毫伏特。