Resources for Communication Problems

Tuesday, January 8, 2008

Introduction to Neuroscience

Introduction to Neuroscience:
Brain Structure and its Functional Specialization

腦神經科學簡介 大腦的構造與功能分化

Nomenclature

Neuroscience vs. Cognitive Neuroscience

Cerebrum / Brain / Nervous System

Neocortex / Archicortex

Structure / Function

Mind / Brain

Neuro-Biological Basis of Cognition

Information processing of living and non-living beings

Organ Transplantation

移植器官可能改变性格

http://www.shenyounet.com/article.asp?id=908

Dimensions of Cognitive Neuroscience

Phylogenetic / Evolution / Comparative Neuroanatomy

Ontogenetic / Development / Acquisition / Aging

Microgenetic

Triune Brain (Paul D. MacLean)

Jason W. Brown

Energy Allocation

Neurophysiology / Neuropathology

Neurosurgery

Neurosurgery in Memphis University Hospital

http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=6342788379330262056

Brodman Areas

http://mmdays.wordpress.com/2007/05/16/human_brain/

Chinese Cognitive Biological Science

中醫學的神志學說: 心主神明 vs. 五臟藏神

心藏神:「心者,君主之官,神明出焉。」

《素問·六節藏象論》:“心者,生之本,神之變。”

《素問·靈蘭秘典論》:黃帝問曰:願聞十二藏之相使,貴賤何如?歧伯對曰:悉乎哉問也,請遂言之:

心者,君主之官,神明出焉。

肺者,相傅之官,治節出焉。

肝者,將軍之官,謀慮出焉。

膽者,中正之官,決斷出焉。

膻中(心包(絡))者,臣使之官,喜樂出焉。

脾胃者,倉稟之官,五味出焉。

大腸者,傳道之官,變化出焉。

小腸者,受盛之官,化物出焉。

腎者,作強之官,伎巧出焉。

三焦者,決瀆之官,水道出焉。

膀胱者,州都之官,津液藏焉,氣化則能出矣。

凡此十二官者,不得相失也。故主明則下安,以此養生則壽,歿世不殆,以為天下則大昌。 主不明則十二官危,使道閉塞而不通,形乃大傷,以此養生則殃,以為天下者,其宗大危, 戒之戒之。

至道在微,變化無窮,孰知其原!窘乎哉,消者瞿瞿,孰知其要!閔閔之當,孰者為良! 恍惚之數,生於毫釐,起於度量,千之萬之,可以益大,推之大之,其形乃制。 黃帝曰:善哉,余聞精光之道,大聖之業,而宣明大道,非齋戒擇吉日,不敢受也。 黃帝乃擇吉日良兆,而藏靈蘭之室,以傳保焉。

《六節藏象論》還申明「十一臟皆取決於膽」;《素問·靈蘭秘典論》還說「肝主謀慮、膽主決斷」,「凡此十二官者,不得相失。」即各臟腑之間的整體協調關係,不能破壞,才是一個健康的人。

五臟藏神: 「心藏神、肝藏魂、肺藏魄、脾藏意、腎藏志。」

《素問 ·宣明五氣》、《靈樞·本神》、《靈樞·九針論》等篇均指出:

心藏神、

肝藏魂、

肺藏魄、

脾藏意、

腎藏志。

因五臟分別藏有不同的神,所以《素問·陰陽應象大論》稱“神臟五”,後世又稱五臟為“五神臟”。在這裏與魂、魄、意、志四者並列之“神”,並不是對神的總概括。五神分藏於五臟,各神之間同樣是整體協調而 不能單獨存在的。《本神》所謂“兩精相搏謂之神,隨神往來謂之魂,並精而出入者謂之魄,心有所憶謂之意,意之所存謂之志”正反映了這一學術特點。

五臟藏精而化生神。如《黃帝內經 本神篇》還指出:

肝藏血,血舍魂

脾藏營,營舍志

心藏脈,脈舍神

肺藏氣,氣舍魄

腎藏精,精舍志

《黃帝內經 精神五臟論第一》

黃帝問曰︰凡刺之法,必先本於神。血脈營氣精神,此五臟之所藏也。何謂德、氣、生、精、神、魂、魄、心、意、志、思、智、慮,請問其故?岐伯對曰︰ 天之在我者德也,地之在我者氣也,德流氣薄而生也。故生之來謂之精,兩精相搏謂之神,隨神往來謂之魂,並精出入謂之魄,可以任物謂之心,心有所憶謂之意, 意有所存謂之志,因志存變謂之思,因思遠慕謂之慮,因慮處物謂之智。故智以養生也,必順四時而適寒暑,和喜怒而安居處,節陰陽而調剛柔;如是則邪僻不生, 長生久視。是故怵惕思慮者則神傷,神傷則恐懼流淫而不正;因悲哀動中者,則竭絕而失生;喜樂者,神憚散而不藏;愁憂者,氣閉塞而不行;盛怒者,迷惑而不治;恐懼者,蕩憚而不收(《太素》不收作失守)。

「五臟藏神、尤重脾胃」

北京中醫藥大學王洪圖(1937-)教授多年研究《內經》,提出「五臟藏神、尤重脾胃」的觀點

1997《黃帝內經研究大成》王洪圖(1937-)

王洪圖,1937年出生,北京中醫藥大學教授, 擅長治療:頑固性失眠、頭痛、癲癇、躁郁症、兒童多動症、男女更年期綜合征等疾病。

http://wz.ibucm.com/viewnews.asp?id=977

脾胃轉樞是五臟藏神的關鍵——王洪圖學術思想介紹

http://www.caam.cn/guanli/jcyy/200704/287.html

Brain-Gut Peptide (腦腸肽) among Neuropeptide (神經肽)

神經肽(neuropeptide)、腦腸肽 brain-gut peptide

http://www.biox.cn/content/20050826/35337.htm

http://www.biox.cn/content/20050709/27388.htm

Neurotransmitters

http://210.38.57.228/151/re3/shenjingsl/sjsl/wwwroot/artdisp.asp?rootclass=ztzs&id=21

在腦和胃腸道中雙重分佈的肽類。1931年,恩勒(von Enler)和加德姆(Gaddum)在研究體內乙醯膽鹼分佈時意外發現,馬腦和小腸提取物都可刺激兔腸平滑肌收縮。當時命名為P物質。40年後,此物質從腦和腸中分離出來,證明其有效物質為同一分子,由11個氨基酸殘基組成的肽。

-腸肽(brain-gut peptide)是指在胃腸道和腦內雙重分佈的肽類物質,主要有縮膽囊素(CCK)、血管活性腸肽(VIP)、神經降壓素、胃泌素釋放肽等。腦內有兩種 CCK,即CCK-4(四肽)CCK-8(八肽),以及兩種CCK受體,即CCK-ACCK-B受體。CCK-8可作用於兩種CCK受體,而CCK- 4僅作用於CCK-B受體。CCK在腦內具有抑制攝食行為等多種作用。

頭者精明之
《內經素問 脈要精微論篇第十七》 「頭者精明之,頭傾視深,精神將奪矣」

《內經素問 脈要精微論篇第十七》精明者,所以視萬物,別白黑,審短長。以長為短,以白為黑,如是則精衰矣。 夫五藏者,身之強也。頭者精明之府,頭傾視深,精神將奪矣。背者胸中之府,背曲肩隨,府將壞矣。腰者腎之府,轉搖不能,腎將憊矣。膝者筋之府,屈伸不能,行則僂附,筋將憊矣。骨者髓之府,不能久立,行則振掉,骨將憊矣。得強則生,失強則死。

《內經》:「頭為精明之府」

明代李時珍指出:「腦為無神之府」;

·王清任在《醫林改錯》中亦認為「人之記生,皆在腦中」

http://my.jingyan.qihoo.com/u/3430555/article_4934619.html

奇恒之府:腦髓骨脈膽女子胞

《素問五臟別論篇第十一》「腦髓骨脈膽女子胞,此六者地氣之所生也,皆藏于陰而象于地,故藏而不,名曰奇恒之府。」

「神寄於腦髓」說曾流行於南北朝方書《集驗方》《刪繁方》

《集驗方》《刪繁方》保存於孫思邈《備急千金要方》和王燾《外台秘要》

Dimensions of Neuroanatomy

Comparative Anatomy

Neuroembryology

Gross Anatomy

Lobes / Centers / Nucleus / Ganglion

Connectionism: Centers and Pathways

Neural Assembly

Cortical Layers

Neurons

Neural Fibers

Projection Fibers

Association Fibers

Commissure Fibers

Neurophysiology

Neurotransmitters

Functional Specialization of CNS

Neuroembryology

Holistic vs. Localizationalists’ view of brain function

Aristotle (Greek: ριστοτέλης Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC)

Franz Josef Gall (1758 -1828) and Phrenology

Paul Broca (1824-1880)

Carl Wernicke (1848–1905)

Ludwig Lichtheim (1845–1928)

Hughling Jackson (1834-1911)

Korbinian Brodmann (1868-1918) & 52 Brodmann areas

Donald Olding Hebb (1904-1985)

Norman Geschwind (1926-1984) & behavioral neurology (Disconnection Syndromes 1965 I II)

Hardwired vs. Neuroplasticity

Phantom Pain and Neuroplasticity

Early Childhood Hemispherectomy

3 Dimensional Brain

Left vs. Right Hemisphere

Anterior vs. Posterior Area

Cortical vs. Subcortical Area

Functional Specialization of CNS for Language

Pyramidal Structure of Cognition and Language

Conscious vs. Unconscious Information Processing

Uniqueness of Human Language

Communication in Context of Evolutionary Survival

Language in Biosemiotic Umweltforschung

From Metaphor to Neural Theory of Language

Metaphors We Live By (1980/2003/2006)

Afterword 2003

Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought (1999)

From Molecule to Metaphor: A Neural Theory of Language (2006)

Translation of Metaphor and Universality of Metaphor

Tradition of Study on “Language and Thought”

Whorf & Sapir
Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (Лев Семёнович Выготский) 1896-1934
Alexander Romanovich Luria (Александр Романович Лурия) 1902 - 1977
Lakoff & Johnson

Culturally embedded Daily Metaphor: Pragmatic Equivalence & Etymological Difference

「症候」的本義 ─六節藏象論篇第九:「五日謂之候、三候謂之氣、六氣謂之時、四時謂之歲,而各從其主治焉。」

Symptom: 1541, earlier sinthoma (1398), from M.L. sinthoma "symptom of a disease," from L.L. symptoma, from Gk. symptoma (gen. symptomatos) "a happening, accident, disease," from stem of sympiptein "to befall," from syn- "together" + piptein "to fall," from PIE base *pet- "to rush, to fly" (see petition). Spelling altered in Eng. by influence of M.Fr. and L.L. forms. Symptomatic in general sense of "indicative (of)" is from 1751.

六節藏象論篇第九。帝曰:餘已聞六六九九之會也,夫子言積氣盈潤,願聞何謂氣?請夫子發蒙解惑焉。岐伯曰:此上帝所秘,先師傳之也。帝曰:請遂聞之。岐伯曰:五日謂之候,三候謂之氣,六氣謂之時,四時謂之歲,而各從其主治焉。

Universal and Cultural Specific Metaphors in Chinese Classics

素問-陰陽應象大論篇第五

故善用針者,從陰引陽,從陽引陰,以右治左,以左治右,以我知彼(知常達變),以表知裏,以觀過與不及之理,見微得過(病),用之不殆。善診者,察色按脈,先別陰陽;審(五官氣色)清濁,而知(五臟對應病變)部分;視喘息,聽音聲,而知所苦;觀權衡規矩(沈浮弦洪脈象),而知病所主。按尺(尺肤)寸(寸口,手太陰肺經氣口),觀(寸口脈象)浮沉(尺肤表皮)滑澀,而知病所生;以治無過,以診則不失矣。

陽脈:大、浮、數、動、滑脈

陰脈:沉、澀、弦、遲脈

鼻(脾)下頷(腎)。肝熱病者,左頰先赤。肺熱病者,右頰先赤。

權:腎主於裏,冬季脈沈,脈沈病在裏

衡:肺主於表,秋季脈浮,脈沈病在表

規:肝主風痰,春季脈弦,脈弦病在頭暈、氾酸、脾氣急

矩:心主火熱,夏季脈洪,脈洪病在火熱

浮沉滑澀:浮主(病)在表,沈主在裏。滑主(氣血津液)有餘,澀主不足。

Translation of Images in Poem

Wanderers Nachtlied (Goethe 1778)

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)

Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh,

In allen Wipfeln spürest du

Kaum einen Hauch –

Die Vögelein schweigen im Walde.

Warte nur, bald ruhest du auch.

旅人的夜歌(1778)

歌德(1749-1832) 原詩 洪振耀

四下群峰 一片寧靜,

山巔樹梢 任你聆聽

有誰喘氣

林中百鳥 鴉雀都無聲。

等著瞧,你也將安息。

НОЧНАЯ ПЕСНЬ СТРАННИКА

(перевод Ю. Александрова)

На вершинах горных покой,

В ущёльях чёрных мглой седой

Дышат листы.

Не слышно в них птичьего хора.

Скоро, ах, скоро

Смолкнешь и ты.

ГОРНЫЕ ВЕРШИНЫ

Иоганн Вольфганг фон Гёте

(перевод Михаила Лермонтова)

Музыка А.Варламова

Горные вершины

Спят во тьме ночной.

Тихие долины

Полны свежей мглой.

Не пылит дорога,

Не дрожат листы.

Подожди немного,

Отдохнёшь и ты.

歌德 原詩

·萊蒙托夫

·瓦爾拉莫夫曲

薛範 譯配

重重疊疊山峰,

睡在夜霧中,

靜悄悄的山谷,

夜深涼氣濃。

路上灰塵不揚,

樹葉不搖動,

只要再過片刻,

你也快入夢!

Cross-Modal Synesthesia

Luria (1968 / 1987) The Mind of a Mnemonist: A Little Book about a Vast Memory (Маленькая книжка о большой памяти)

Luria, A.R. (1968/1987). The Mind of a Mnemonist: A Little Book About a Vast Memory. Lynn Solotaroff, translator. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Case Study of a mnemonist mind: Case Study on Solomon Veniaminovich Shereshevskii (1886 - 1958?) (Russian: Соломон Шерешевский), also known simply as 'S' ('Ш')

Luria (1968) The Mind of a Mnemonist

http://memory07.blogspot.com/

A. R. Luria (1968) has made Shereshevskii (S) the most famous mnemonist. (Luria referred to him only as S, but his real name later became known.) S was almost thirty when Luria began his studies, and the research continued for almost thirty years. Somewhat surprisingly, S was unaware that his memory was unusual until Luria began his investigations.

http://www.bookrags.com/research/mnemonists-lmem-01/

Chao Yuen Ren on Language and Music

詞曲配合

http://www.ling.fju.edu.tw/Chao%20Yuan%20Ren/index.htm

Vocal Interpretation of Musical Composition

詞曲吟唱:姜白石 揚州慢

Russian folksong: Коробейники

References

2000 Mapping the Mind (Paperback)
by Rita Carter (Author), Christopher D. Frith (Author)

2002大腦的祕密檔案。譯者:洪蘭 出版社:遠流

1967 Biological Foundations of Language by Eric H. Lenneberg (Hardcover - Jun 1967)

1968 Luria (1968 / 1987), Lynn Solotaroff (translator). The Mind of a Mnemonist: A Little Book about a Vast Memory (Маленькая книжка о большой памяти)

2006. Jerome A. Feldman. From Molecule to Metaphor: A Neural Theory of Language. MIT Press.

2007 Neuroscience for the Study of Communicative Disorders by Subhash C Bhatnagar (Author) (Paperback - Oct 1, 2007)

2007 Neuroimaging in Communication Sciences and Disorders by Roger Ingham (Author) (Hardcover - Aug 7, 2007)

Videos on Neuroscience

Brain Lecture

Brain Lecture 3 Frontal Lobes: Lobotomy Catatonia Mania

Brain Lecture 4 Parietal Lobes: Body Image, Phantom Limbs

Brain Lecture 5 Temporal Lobes Schizophrenia, Hallucinations

Brain Lecture 6 Limbic System: Hallucinations, PTSD,

Prof. Daniel Dennett: Lecture on Consciousness

Prof. Daniel Dennett: Lecture on Consciousness (Pt 1 of 6)

Prof. Dan Dennett: Lecture on Consciousness (pt 2 of 6)

Prof. Dan Dennett: Lecture on Consciousness (pt 3 of 6)

Prof. Dan Dennett: Lecture on Consciousness (pt 4 of 6)

Prof. Dan Dennett: Lecture on Consciousness (pt 5 of 6)

Prof. Dan Dennett: Lecture on Consciousness (pt 6 of 6)

Brain Tumor Resection

Miracles Of the Brain

Hallucinations & Schizophrenia Extreme States of Mind Part 1

Meditation and the Reptilian Brain (Lecture 2, Topic 7)

Nutrition For Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Oliver Sacks MD - Original air date July 1986

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