Resources for Communication Problems

Thursday, January 3, 2008

NC4148舒琇

NC4148舒琇

標題:課本部份 聽語二 9580048 許舒琇

NC022B1-03(con.)

這個圖在說明避免局部的神經受到損傷的方法。

NC027L13

Appreciate the structural and functional connectivity of the brain structures:了解大腦連接構造的功能和結構重要性。

P.27The human nervous system can best be described as a cellular system specialized for repid intercellular communication by means of the electrical and chemical enery distributed throughout the body, which it uses to respond to static or dynamic changes in the environment as they impinge on the body.

NC066F2-41

A是間腦的解頗圖,B是胼胝體的冠狀縫圖。

NC081TT26

Sympathetic: 交感神經,交感神經的初級節前神經元位於脊髓的胸腰部(thorako-lumbales System)。部分的交感神經功能由高級中樞,如下丘腦腦幹網狀結構調節,這些部位會向交感神經的節前神經元發送神經衝動。初級神經元會到脊柱旁的神經節、椎旁神經節換元,其使用的神經遞質(和副交感神經一樣)乙醘膽鹼。這些神經節互連,被稱為「交感神經節」。節後神經元繼續傳遞信號到目標器官,並使用神經遞質去甲腎上腺素。但一些交感神經纖維沒有換元就離開交感神經干,到達主動脈的椎前神經節,或者到達受支配器官的器官旁神經節。

NC113TT02

Anterior medullary velum: 前髓帆,是白色物質一稀薄,透明薄板,舒展在梗節之間; 在它的下半背部表面葉片和小舌狀突出物被延長。它形成,與梗節一起,第四個心室的上部的屋頂; 它是狹窄的上述,它通過在下等阜丘之下的地方,並且更加寬廣下面,它是連續的與蠕蟲體的白色物質的地方。一個輕微地被舉起的坎,下降在它的上部在下等阜丘,並且這之間在滑車神經任何一方湧現。血液由其分支提供從小腦的動脈。

NC120F4-07

A:這是16天的背面胚胎,從圖中可以看出外拍層的物質會移動到內胚和中胚層。B:這是外胚層主要形成頭蓋骨的橫切面。

C:三個主要的細胞層:外層、內層、中胚層。

NC130TT39

Disjunction:分裂,在細胞分裂第三期染色體分為兩條。

NC138F5-06

這是一張動作電位傳遞電位時的情形。可分為靜止電位、極化、去極化、過極化。

NC151TT39

Serotonin:血清素,血清素(serotonin)具有抑制淋巴瘤細胞生長的作用。
血清素是腦中主要的『幸福分子』之一,當腦中血清素缺乏時,則可能有憂鬱的現象發生。「血清素」是一種大腦神經傳遞物質,與情緒調節有關,血清素功能不足、分泌量不夠或作用不良會造成憂鬱症。抗憂鬱劑是藉由刺激或增加血清素活性來治療憂鬱症,但合併兩種或多種抗憂鬱劑,卻可能導致血清素症候群。

血清素症候群並不常見,臨床症狀包括情緒激動、混亂、肌肉痙攣、僵直、反射過度、顫抖、流汗、腹部痙攣、惡性高體溫、低血壓、昏迷,甚至死亡等。

NC176F7-08

說明神經傳遞時會經過哪些脊髓和神經

NC193F8-07

說明眼睛呈像時在水晶體的型態。

NC208L04

Describe the physiology of the cochlear mechanism:描述說明耳蝸生理學上的結構。

P.211The cochlear consists of three fluid-filled scalae(cavities):the scala vestibule, cala media, and scala tympani. On lengthwise orientation, the scala vestibuleis the uppermost compartment, which follows the inner contour of the conchlear duct and joins the scala tympani at the apex of the cochlea though the helicotrema, a small aperture. The scala tympani lies at the bottom and outer contour of the cochlea. The scala media which ends near the cochlear apex, is between the scala tympani and scala vestibule.

NC227L08

Discuss common vestibular dysfunctions:描述說明常見的前庭功能異常。

P.234~P.235

1.Motion Sickness: The most common disorder of the vestibular system, is characterized by vertigo, the subjective sensation of body rotation. It is also associated with dizziness or light-headedness, nausea ,and vomiting.

2.Vertigo:The sensation of spinning through space(subjective vertigo)can be very disabling. .Ménière disease,a conditition of obscure orgin characterized by abnormally high endolymphatic pressure and later by mixing of endolympf and perilymph secondary to a rupture in the vestibular apparatus.

3.Labyrinth Dysfunction: Often cause of vertigo. Imparment of the labyrinth on one side causes a short period of vertigo, disequilibrium, nystagmus, and some nauseaand vomiting.

4.Benign Positional Vertigo: The condition of benign vertigo, which is caused by changes in head position, is commonly seen in the elderly population.

NC251F11-12

說明哪些神經牽動二頭肌跟三頭肌。

NC271TT01

Archicerebellum:解剖學,是涉及生命體的結構和組織的生物學分支學科;可以分為動物解剖學植物解剖學。解剖學的主要分支是比較解剖學組織學人體解剖學。在解剖學研究中,研究大體器官常利用剖割的方法;組織細胞、胞器的觀察則會利用顯微鏡

NC288TT11

Dopamine:多巴胺,多巴胺(Dopamine) (C6H3(OH)2-CH2-CH2-NH2) 是一種腦內分泌,可影響一個人的情緒。 它正式的化學名稱為4-(2-乙胺基)-1,2-二醇,簡稱「DA」。Arvid Carlsson確定多巴胺為腦內信息傳遞者的角色使他贏得了2000諾貝爾醫學獎。多巴胺是一種神經傳導物質,用來幫助細胞傳送脈衝的化學物質。這種腦內分泌主要負責大腦的情慾,感覺,將興奮及開心的信息傳遞,也與上癮有關。愛情其實就是腦里產生大量多巴胺作用的結果。所以,吸煙吸毒都可以增加多巴胺的分泌,使上癮者感到開心及興奮。根據研究所得,多巴胺能夠醫治抑鬱症;而多巴胺不足則會令人失去控制肌肉的能力,嚴重會令病人的手腳不自主地震動或導致帕金森氏症。最近,有科學家研究出多巴胺可以有助進一步醫治柏金遜症。治療方法在於恢復腦內多巴胺的水準及控制病情。

常用其鹽酸鹽,為白色或類白色有光澤的結晶;無臭,味微苦;露置空氣中及遇光色漸變深。在水中易溶,在無水乙醇中微溶,在氯仿或乙醚中極微溶解。熔點243-249(分解)

NC300L09

List the muscles derived from various branchial arches:列舉多種胎兒鰓弓所衍生出的肌肉。P.302Each branchial arch relates to specific groups of muscles: the muscles of mastication {CN V}relate to the first branchial arch,the muscles of facial expression {CN VII}related to the second branchial arch,and the stylopharyngeus muscles{CN IX}relate to the thied branchial arch.The remaining pharyngeal muscles {CN X}are derived from the fourth branchial arch, and the laryngeal muscles{CN X}are derived from the sixth branchial arch.

NC330T15-17

說明區別前庭神經

NC352TT17

Postganglionic neuron:節後神經元,在自主神經系統的神經系統, 纖維從神經節對動作器器官叫做postganglionic 纖維,在副交感神經的分裂, 他們是糞膽鹼(那是他們使用acetylcholine 作為他們的神經傳送體。) 在有同情心的分裂, 多數是腎上腺素能的(那是他們使用降腎上腺素作為他們的神經傳送體。) 這的一例外是汗水封墊的有同情心的激動, 使用acetylcholine 作為神經傳送體在兩個前和崗位神經節的突觸。

NC377TT02

Adenohypophysis: 腦下垂體前葉,受下視丘分泌的釋放激素(releasing hormone)抑制激素(inhibiting hormone)作用,共分泌多種激素。

NC378L12

Describe the mechanism regulating blood flow to the brain:描述調控大腦血流的機制。P.391~393reflexive contractionexpansion of arterial wallsCO2 blood level and blood pressure changes. The maintain a constant blood flow with mean arterial pressure in range of 60-1401 mm Hg. On average, for normal functioning the brain supply of 45-55 ml/100gm brain tissue per minute. If this flow amount is reduced, it affects the brain’s ability to function normally. The arteries respond to the blood volume by altering their resistance to blood flow from the heart. They respond by dilating if the volume of blood pumped through the artery is reduced.When the volume increases,arteries constrict.

The Cushing response is a systematic rise in the pressure of blood in the case of increased intracranial pressure.The Monroe-Kelly principle represents the brain’s internal ability for self-adjusting intracranial volumes of blood, CSF, and tissue content. It manages its intracranial pressure reflexively by decreasing the volume in the other element, such as a decrease in blood flow in the case of vessel constriction due to lower blood CO2.

NC398TT17

Metabolism:新陳代謝,指生物體不斷同外界環境進行物質能量交換的過程。生物體是一個結構功能都嚴整有序的開放系統。它的嚴整有序性是靠不斷同外界環境進行物質能量交換來維持的,一旦物質和能量的交換停止,結構和系統就會解體。各種生物都有新陳代謝。新陳代謝包括同化作用異化作用。同化作用是形成有機物和貯存能量的過程;異化作用是分解有機物、釋放能量的過程,沒有同化就沒有異化,沒有異化也不可能進行同化,這兩個過程是相互依存、對立統一的。新陳代謝是一系列極其複雜的、有精確順序的酶促反應的總和。各種生物的基本代謝途徑相似,各個相應步驟所需的相同。各種生物都以三磷酸腺苷ATP)為其貯能和放能的中心物質。

NC419F19-03

MRI可以看出從中軸研究出左半邊脊髓在錐骨之後。

NC434T20-3

比較左右手的優勢區域

Nc081Q5

Which ventricular spaces are found in the forebrain? In the diencephlon ?

哪些室空間被發現在前腦? 在間腦?

Nc288Q3

Match each of the following numbered definitions with its associated lettered statement.

配對每個以下被編號的定義和它相似的有相關的定義。

標題:神解畫圖(未完成) Which one? Coding?

Explain the picture and find relevant websites, pictures, videos?

標題:神解畫圖(完成) Which one? Coding?

Explain the picture and find relevant websites, pictures, videos?

工具書: http://www.mpip.org/frameset.shtml?tools/dict/dictindex.html

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