NC466G雅雯

NC466G雅雯

The glossary is already arranged in alphabetical orders. No need to enumerate them.

作業六:神解課本附錄單字

負責學生：9580045張雅雯

(1.)mossy fibers-

Afferent fibers that include all sensory projection to the cerebellum, except for the olivocerebellar fibers.

苔狀神經纖維：包含了所有往小腦的感官知覺的突起的輸入纖維，不過除了olivocerebellar fibers以外。

(2.)motion sickness-

Vestibular syndrome characterized by the sensation of vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. Present when an individual is in motion.

動作疾病：前庭部分的徵候群以對垂直的感覺以及噁心嘔吐為特性且是在處於動作的前提下。

-ness：加在形容詞分詞之後表性質狀態之意

(3.)motion tremor(intention tremor)-

Oscillatory movements caused by irregular muscle contraction in the case of cerebellar pathology. Present only during an action period as opposed to a resting condition.

動作震抖：因為不規則的肌肉收縮造成搖晃的動作的小腦徵狀，只限定在活動的狀態下而不在一個休息靜止的情形下。

(4.)motor cortex-

Cortical region consisting of Brodmann area 4.Involved with control and regular of voluntary movements.

動作皮質區：Brodmann第四區的皮質區域負責控制以及產生正常化的自主動作行為。

參考資料http://life.nthu.edu.tw/~g864264/Neuroscience/neuron/funbrain.htm

(5.)motor end plate-

Postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction.

運動終板：運動神經元軸突末梢與肌纖維表面的接觸面。

(6.)motor neuron-

Located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Controls muscle cells and causes muscle contraction.

運動神經: 在脊髓鎖鏈的前角控制肌肉細胞以及對肌肉產生收縮作用。

(7.)motor unit-

Forming a neuronal circuit consisting of an α-lower neuron, its axon, myoneural junctions, and innervated muscles. It acts as a unit in that if the lower motor neuron fires, all the muscle cells of the unit fire at the same time.

運動單位:指的是單一運動神經元，包含樹突軸突的部份以及其所支配的肌肉纖維(muscle fibers)所構成的。符合"全有全無律" (all-or-none law)。

參考資料http://www.apsu.edu/~thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%203%20Review/motor%20unit.fig.9.11.jpg

(8.)movement disorders-

Tremor and chronic types of involuntary disorders commonly seen after ganglia pathologies.

動作行為疾病：顫抖和慢性的非自發性疾病，其為常見於神經節後的病理現象。

dis-：表示相反或否定;表示停止或除去。

(9.)multiple sclerosis-

Disease of progressive degeneration of the neuronal myelin sheath from an autoimmune disorder in the central nervous system, causing impaired nerve conduction, paresthesia, and disorders of equilibrium, movement, sensation, and vision.

多發性硬化：主要在中樞神經之白質,症狀視其病灶地區而定,多發生於青年。一種在中樞神經系統，自體免疫的持續性神經隨鞘退化的疾病。對神經傳導造成損害和感覺異樣還有不當的平衡、動作、知覺和視覺。

multi-：大量的、多數的之意。拉丁語的「多的」。

(10)multipolar cells-

Neurons containing many dendrites and one axon.

多極細胞：包含兩個以上的樹突以及一個軸突。中樞神經元多屬於此種。

參考資料http://homepage.psy.utexas.edu/homepage/class/Psy332/Salinas/Cells/multipolar.gif

polar：極的。

(11)muscle of respiration-

Include the diaphragm, abdomen, and intercostals that participate in inspiration and expiration and are controlled by spinal motor neurons.

呼吸肌：包跨了橫膈膜、腹腔肌以及肋間肌。其專於吸氣以及吐氣且受脊索運動神經控制。

-tion：做名詞用，表動作、狀態、結果之意。

(12)muscle spindles-

Intramuscular encapsulated receptor apparatus in specialized skeletal (intrafusal) muscle fibers that are sensitive to changes in muscle length.

肌梭：肌纖維間拉力接受器。肌梭偵測肌肉的相對長度。肌梭為一般的肌纖維並行排列，形如梭，兩端附著在肌腱上、外有結締組織囊。囊內含2～12根特化的肌纖維，其中部充滿細胞核，無橫紋，能感受牽拉刺激。兩端有橫紋，有收縮力。

(13)muscle tone-

Consistent contraction of portions of a skeletal or smooth muscle in response to activation of stretch receptors.

肌肉張力：一部分的骨骼肌或平滑肌對伸長受器的活化的產生的收縮反應。

(14)muscular dystrophy-

Inherited disease of muscle degeneration, characterized by weakness and progressive atrophy of the skeletal muscle.

肌肉營養不良：遺傳性的肌退化。特徵是脆弱和漸進的骨骼肌萎縮。

(15)mutation-

A spontaneous changes in a gene or chromosomal structure.

突變：基因改變或染色體自發性改變所致形狀及性能之突變。

(16)myalgia-

Pain in muscles.

肌痛：肌肉的疼痛。

(17)myasthenia gravis-

Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that results from growth of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors.

重症肌無力：是指神經肌肉接合處的乙醯膽素接受器減少，所導致的肌肉無力。一種自體免疫疾病，發生的年齡有兩個高峰一個在11~30歲，以女性居多，另一個在51~70歲，以男性為主

參考資料http://www.hku.hk/facmed/healthedu/issue61/issue61.pdf

(18)mydriasis-

Dilation of the pupil.

瞳孔放大：顧名思義就是瞳孔擴張放大。

(19)myelencephalon-

Medulla oblongata derived from the myelencephalic division of the rhombencephalon.

髓腦：後腦的一部分,包括延腦及第四腦室。

(20)myelin-

Sheath of lipid and cell membrane wrapped around an axon and contributes to the speed of impulse transmission.

髓鞘質：膜狀脂質和細胞膜包裹著軸突且增加神經傳導物質傳導速度，產生跳躍式傳導。

(21)myoneural junction-

Synapse of α-lower motor neuron axon on a single skeletal muscle fiber.

神經肌肉接合：一條運動神經纖維末梢分支(軸突)和骨骼肌纖維接合處。

(22)myopathy-

Disease of muscles.

肌病：肌肉方面的疾病。

(23)myopia-

Refraction error in which light rays converge in front of the retina. Also called nearsightedness.

近視：平行的光線經過前眼部--角膜、前房、水晶體、玻璃體的折射後，焦點落在網膜的前方。

(24)myosin-

Thin filament protein of muscle fibers that contributes to the contraction of muscle fibers by chemical interaction.

肌纖維蛋白：細肌絲纖維蛋白(肌動蛋白)使肌肉有收縮之能力。另外，構成肌小節(肌纖維單位)的明帶區域。