NC1214馥榕

課本作業

NC001L12

Discuss common hurdles encountered when learning neuroscience and outline strategies for overcoming them.

討論當學習神經科學時會遇到的常見障礙，及概述要如何克服它們。

P.18~P.23

Techniques for solving problems when learning neuroscience

學習神經科學時解決問題的技巧

1. Simplification of technical terminology將名詞簡化

2. Visual approach to neuroscience 將神經科學形象化

3. Clinical orientation to neuroscience 神經科學的臨床情況

4. Functional context for learning neuroanatomy 學習神經解剖時應依循其功能性的脈絡來學習

5. Deductive reasoning and problem solving 推論原因並解決問題

6. Rules for lesion localization 局部損害的規則

Table 1-12

NC026TT16

Flexion屈曲、收縮--Muscle movement that bends a limb.

使四肢彎曲的動作或者形容彎曲的狀態。

字根：L. Flexio

P.10,12

參考資料

http://www.medicalook.com/human_anatomy/organs/Flexion_extension_pronation_and_supination_of_the_hand.html

NC045F2-18

NC079P04

NC089F3-08

NC113TT23

Pineal松果體--Thalamic organ important in diurnal rhythm.

為丘腦中的組織，對日常生活作息來說很重要。是分泌褪黑激素的主要部分。

字根：L. pinea "pine cone"

P.100,101,160

參考資料

embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/endocrine12.htm

NC130TT10

Bilaminar embryo雙層胚胎期--Human embryo in the 2^nd week of gestation.

懷孕兩個禮拜時對人類胚胎的稱呼。

字根：bi “two”, from M.L. embryo, from Gk. Embryon

P.118,119

參考資料

The Second week of Life:Implantation and formation of the bilaminar embryo

http://staff.um.edu.mt/acus1/Patterning.htm

http://www.naturalhealthschool.com/12_3.html (這個網頁有許多LESSION 還有題目練習，我覺得還不錯。)

NC130TT60

Prophase前期--First stage in cell division.

細胞分裂的第一期，稱之。在此階段染色體會濃縮，使可見。在減數分裂或有絲分裂都會出現。

P.114

參考資料

Prophase: Sock Synapsis Demo 影片

How The Cell Cycle Works 影片

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prophase.html

http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellreproduction/mitosis/section1.html

NC150Q2

Define in one line each the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.

分行解釋多發性硬化症及重症肌無力。

NC151TT10

Cytoplasm 細胞質－ Substances present within the cellular plasma but external to the nucleus.

介於細胞膜及細胞核之間的液體，包含許多物質，如高基式體、細胞骨架等。

P.131,132

參考資料

http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/cytoplasm.html

NC163TT10

Analgesia痛覺缺失– Neurologic state in which painful stimuli are no longer perceived as being painful.

為一種神經疾病，無法感知痛覺與溫覺刺激所引起的疼痛。

字根：from Gk. an- "without" + algesis "sense of pain," from algos "pain."

P.175

參考資料

http://www.mic.ki.se/Diseases/E03.html 內含許多關於Analgesia的連結

NC184TT08

Free nerve endings游離神經末梢 – small and slowly conducting mechanoreceptors. Associated with pain and temperature.

為小且傳遞緩慢的機械性受汽，與痛覺及溫覺有關。

P.165,166,166t

參考資料

小小神經科學：皮膚和感覺受器

SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS FROM THE BODY

THE REFLEXOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TRANSDERMAL MEASUREMENT 圖片

NC207TT05

Blind spot 盲點– retinal area, that contains no photoreceptors, located 15° medial to the visual axis and representing the optic disk through which optic nerve (cranial nerve II ) fibers exit the retina.

視網膜上位於視軸中間15度角處，視神經匯集的地方，不具任何感光受器，所以不能感測視覺。

P.190,191

參考資料

小小神經科學：視網膜

盲點測試

NC218F9-09

NC237TT11

Semicircular ducts半規管 –Three circular ducts containing sensory organs suspended in endolymph for reflexive control of dynamic equilibrium.

三個環狀的管子內涵感覺器官，並懸掛在內淋巴裡，負責身體的平衡機能。

P.227-228,228-230

參考資料

http://210.42.119.1/india/file/04Sensory%20org-Ear.pdf 裡面的圖還蠻清楚的

www.indiana.edu/~pietsch/v414lab11.html

http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/art-533/the-membranous-labyrinth-of-the-vestibular-system-which-contains-the 圖片

NC259TT11

Interneurons中間神經元--spinal association neurons that interconnect other nerve cells and function to modify the lower motor neuron response via facilitation or inhibition.

使其他神經元相互連結，並對運動神經元做出促進或抑制傳導的決定。

P.245

NC272L06

Outline the afferent and efferent projections of the basal ganglia circuits.

概述基底神經節迴路的上行及下行徑路。

P.275~P.278

NC295F14-05

NC312F15-07

NC344T15-24

NC356F16-02

NC377TT23

Polydipsia劇渴—Condition characterized by excessive fluid intake.

當吸收過多的液體時的現象。

NC390F17-10

NC404Q1

Define the following terms: arachnoid granulations, cerebral spinal fluid, choroids plexus, hydrocephalus, lumbar puncture.

NC404TT04

Ependymal cells室管膜細胞—layer of cells that lines the interior surface of the ventricular cavity and the central canal.

為一層的細胞，排列於腦室及中央管的內側表面。

P.60-61,134,136,136t

參考資料

Ependymal cells 圖片

NC420TT19

Neurofibrillary tangles神經微纖維糾結—Age-induced twisting of fibers in the soma of nerve cells, often associated with Alzheimer disease. These are also found in the brains of Down syndrome patients.

由年齡引起的神經細胞細胞體的纖維纏繞，通常與阿茲海默氏症有關。在唐氏症患者的腦中也有發現過。

參考資料

小小神經科學：阿茲海默症

Neurofibrillary tangles

www.ahaf.org/alzdis/about/AmyloidPlaques.htm 附圖

NC450TT05

Delirium失智症—altered state of consciousness of sudden onset that consists of fluctuating attention, confusion, distractibility, disorientation, disordered thinking, impaired memory, and agitation. Underlying causes include toxicity, structural damage, and metabolic disorders.

引起的原因包括：毒性作用，構造上被破壞及代謝異常。其症狀為：記憶力減退、注意力恍惚、confusion(不能像常人一般處理資訊) 、迷失方向感、無法思考、不安。

字根：from L. delirium "madness," from deliriare "be crazy, rave,"

P.446

參考資料

台灣失智症協會

Delirium

工具書：

無敵CD-859

http://www.onelook.com/

http://video.google.com/

http://www.etymonline.com/

http://www.google.com.tw/